Energy systems 1

Question 0

What does Glycogenolysis refer to?

Answer 0

the breakdown of glycogen

Question 1

What does Glycogenesis refer to?

Answer 1

the making of glycogen

Question 2

What does Glycolosis refer to?

Answer 2

Oxidation of glucose

Question 3

What does the Kreb cycle do?

Answer 3

it is the oxidation of pyruvate and Acetyl CoA

Question 4

What is Gluoneogenesis?

Answer 4

It is the production of glucose from non-carbohydrate precursors

Question 5

What are the catabolic pathways and their function?

Answer 5

Glycogenolysis- breakdown of glycogen
Proteolysis- breakdown of glycogen
Lipolysis- breakdown of fatty acid
Glycolysis- breakdown of glucose

Question 6

Name the Anabolic pathways of energy metabolism and their functions?

Answer 6

Glycogenesis- the creation of glycogen
Protein synthesis
Lipogenesis- fatty acid synthesis
Gluconeogenesis- Glucose synthesis

Question 7

What is the first step of glycogenesis?

Answer 7

Glucose is first phosphorylated producing a phosphate ester at no.6 carbon of glucose

Question 8

In what type of cells is the enzyme hexokinase?

Answer 8

muscle cells

Question 9

In what organ is the enzyme primarily glycokinase?

Answer 9

Liver

Question 10

What can glucokinase also be produced by?

Answer 10

Insulin

Question 11

What does low glycokinase activity lead to?

Answer 11

the livers inability to rapidly take up and metabolise glucose

Question 12

Where is the major site of Glycogen synthesis and storage?

Answer 12

the liver

Question 13

Where is the major site of glycogen storage?

Answer 13

Liver, but also stored in the skeletal muscle

Question 14

During the synthesis of Glycogen, why is its branching structure important?

Answer 14

it increases he glycogens solubility and compactness

Question 15

What enzyme is a primary target for insulin in glycogen synthesis?

Answer 15

Glycogen synthase

Question 16

Which amino acid regualtes glycogen synthase’s activity?

Answer 16

Glycogenin = primer

Question 17

which hormones regulate glycogenolysis?

Answer 17

Glucagon & Adrenalin/Epinephrine

Question 18

In the last step of glycogenolysis, which enzyme acts on glucose 6 phosphate to produce glucose?

Answer 18

Glucose-6-phosphatase

Question 19

Where is the only place that this enzyme functions?

Answer 19

in the liver and kidney

Question 20

In glycolysis, what 2 products is glucose oxidized into?

Answer 20

Lactate or pyruvate

Question 21

What does the choice of which product is made depend on?

Answer 21

Whether there is oxygen present or not

Question 22

What is the name of the cycle which occurs under aerobic conditions?

Answer 22

Krebs cycle

Question 23

What is the name of the process by which the NADH is generated
in this cycle and used to fuel ATP synthesis?

Answer 23

aerobic glycolysis

Question 24

where does aerobic glycolysis take place?

Answer 24

in the mitochondria

Question 25

How much ATP is generated from 1 mole of glucose?

Answer 25

Either 6 or 8 ATP

Question 26

What does the difference in amounts of ATP produced depend on?

Answer 26

unknown....

Question 27

What are these coenzymes NADH formed from?

Answer 27

Niacin B3

Question 28

What amino acids produce pyruvate through gluconeogenesis?

Answer 28

``` Methionine Cysteine Tryptophan Alanine Threonine ```

Question 29

Acetyl CoA can be produced by what amino acids?

Answer 29

isoleucine leucine lysine tryptophan

Question 30

Alpha Ketoglutarate is produced from which amino acids?

Answer 30

``` Arginine Ornithine Hydroxyproline Proline Glutamate Histidine ```

Question 31

Succinyl CoA is produced by amino acids?

Answer 31

Isoleucine Valine Methionine

Question 32

What amino acids produce fumarate?

Answer 32

Phenylalanine | Tyrosine

Question 33

What amino acid is malate produced from?

Answer 33

aspartate

Question 34

If the body has enough ATP, where is the cycle may become blocked?

Answer 34

at the isocitrate position

Question 35

Which 2 nutrients carry the hydrogen atoms for use in the electron transport chain?

Answer 35

B2 and B3

Question 36

Name the other 3 nutrients which are needed in this process?

Answer 36

Coenzyme Q10, B2 and B3

Question 37

What are the end products of this electron chain?

Answer 37

oxygen and water (ATP?)

Question 38

In skeletal muscle which enzyme stimulates the breakdown of glycogen?

Answer 38

adenyl cylase

Question 39

What does the initial step of the Cori cycle form?

Answer 39

cyclic AMP from ATP

Question 40

What hormone initials the first step of the cori cycle?

Answer 40

Adrenaline

Question 41

Which enzyme causes the addition of phosphates throughout the Cori Cycle?

Answer 41

Protein kinase

Question 42

Other than COH's what other products can glucose be synthesized from?

Answer 42

``` amino acids Fats Lactate Pyruvate Certain amino acids ```

Question 43

Which process stimulates ketogenesis?

Answer 43

Glutoneogenesis