ENERGY SYSTEMS

Question 1

What is energy?

Answer 1

The ability to perform work

Question 2

What is chemical energy

Answer 2

Energy we get from food

Question 3

What is potential energy

Answer 3

Stored energy

Question 4

What is kinetic energy

Answer 4

Movement energy - (skeletal muscle contraction)

Question 5

What is work

Answer 5

force x distance

Question 6

What is power

Answer 6

work performed over a unit of time (measured in watts)

Question 7

name the 4 food fuels:

Answer 7

1. Phosphocreatine
2. Glucose
3. Lipids + Free fatty acids
4. Amino acids

Question 8

What are the 2 energy pathways

Answer 8

Aerobic and Anaerobic

Question 9

what are the anaerobic pathways

Answer 9

ATP-PC system and Anaerobic glycolysis system

Question 10

What are the aerobic pathways

Answer 10

Aerobic Glycolysis/Lipolysis

Question 11

what is ATP

Answer 11

Adenosine Triphosphate

Question 12

What does it contain

Answer 12

adenosine and 3 phosphates

Question 13

How does it release energy

Answer 13

it has a high energy bond which is broken down by ATPase.

Question 14

What is the energy used for

Answer 14

Skeletal muscle contraction

Question 15

How long does ATP last

Answer 15

2-4 seconds before needing to be resynthesised

Question 16

is the breakdown of ATP endothermic or exothermic

Answer 16

exothermic (energy exits the reaction)

Question 17

What are the equation of the breakdown of ATP

Answer 17

ATP ==> ADP + Pi + Energy

Question 18

what does Pi mean

Answer 18

Inorganic phosphate (single phosphate)

Question 19

what are the factors that effect energy systems

Answer 19

• intensity
• duration
• fitness level

Question 20

When is the ATP-PC system used

Answer 20

maximal intensity
90-100%
short 8-12 second explosive bursts

Question 21

what does the ATP-PC system use to release energy

Answer 21

Phosphocreatine - a substrate/food fuel found in sarcoplasm in muscle

Question 22

How long does ATP-PC energy last

Answer 22

8-12 seconds

Question 23

How quickly does ATP-PC system generate energy

Answer 23

Rapidly - 10 ATP per seconds

Question 24

What is the ATP-PC systems yield

Answer 24

1 mol ATP per 1 mol of PCr broken down

Question 25

How does ATP-PC work

Answer 25

- Creatine kinase detects high levels of ADP. - Phosphocreatine is broken down into phosphates and creatine and energy - this energy is used to join ADP with a donation of P from the previous reaction to form ATP - which is used as energy for skeletal muscle contraction

Question 26

what are the advantages of the ATP-PC system

Answer 26

- rapidly replenishes ATP - PC can be quickly restored (98% in 3 mins) - readily accessible - doesn't rely upon oxygen doesn't produce any fatiguing by products

Question 27

What are the disadvantages of the ATP-PC system

Answer 27

- low yield (1:1) (most inefficient system) - only lasts 8-12 seconds - PC is limited

Question 28

give some examples of when the ATP-PC system is used

Answer 28

100 meter sprint javelin shotput long jump

Question 29

what does the anaerobic glycolysis system do

Answer 29

breaks down glucose and glycogen into ATP without oxygen

Question 30

when is the anaerobic glycolysis system used

Answer 30

in high (80-90%) intensity for up to 3 minutes (peaking at 1 minute)

Question 31

how does the anaerobic glycolysis system work

Answer 31

- first glycogen is broken down into glucose by glycogen phosphorylase. - then glucose is broken down into pyruvic acid by phosphofructokinase (PFK), this releases energy, which is used to join a P to ADP to form ATP. - since there is no O2 present the pyruvic acid id broken down in to ''lactic acid'' which is lactate ( which can convert itself back to pyruvic acid the glucose) and hydrogen ions (H- - these are a fatiguing by product and cause muscle fatigue)

Question 32

why does anaerobic glycolysis last for 3 minutes but peaks at 1

Answer 32

it produces fatiguing by products (h- ions) which cause an increase in blood acidity (lower pH) so enzymes denature and cant catalyse reactions. this means that performers cant sustain the high intensity so intensity drops.

Question 33

advantages of anaerobic glycolysis

Answer 33

- energy yield has doubled (1 g : 2 ATP) (more efficient than ATP-PC - no oxygen needed - can last up to 3 minutes can sustain high intensity activity

Question 34

disadvantages of anaerobic glycolysis

Answer 34

- peaks at 1 minute (due to the production of fatiguing by products - reliant on glucose intake - has fatiguing by product

Question 35

what examples is anaerobic glycolysis used in

Answer 35

400m sprint winger in football centre in netball

Question 36

what does the aerobic system do

Answer 36

breaks down glucose in the presence of oxygen to produce ATP.

Question 37

how does the aerobic system work (for glucose)

Answer 37

first glycogen breaks down into glucose (GP) then into pyruvic acid (PFK) this releases 2 ATP. then due to the presence of O2 this turns into acetyl coenzyme A which can enter the Krebs cycle releasing CO2 and H. this releases another 2 ATP. the H can then enter the electron transport chain releasing CO2 and H2O. this releases 34 ATP.

Question 38

explain aerobic lipolysis

Answer 38

the breakdown of triglycerides is lipolysis this produces glycerol and free fatty acids. the fatty acids undergo beta oxidation and are downgrades to ACA and hydrogen. ACA can then enter the kerbs cycle.

Question 39

where does the aerobic system take place

Answer 39

glycogen --> pyruvic acid happens in the sarcoplasm acetyl coenzyme A onwards happens in the mitochondria.

Question 40

list the advantages of the aerobic system

Answer 40

- most efficient system (highest yield (38 ATP : 1 glucose) (147+ ATP: 1 FA breakdown) - no fatiguing by products - uses 3 food fuels

Question 41

list the disadvantages of the aerobic system

Answer 41

- resynthesises ATP the slowest - needs sufficient oxygen (fats need 15% more O2) - relies on glucose intake

Question 42

when is the aerobic system used

Answer 42

during long duration (5 mins+) low intensity (40-60%) exercise e.g. long distance cycling, swimming, running