Energy Systems Overview

Question 1

This type of pathway is characterized by a breakdown of complex molecules into simpler molecules. It is involved with the capture of energy and is exergonic.

Answer 1

Catabolic pathways

Question 2

This type of pathway is characterized by the combination of smaller molecules to make more complex ones. This process requires energy and is endergonic.

Answer 2

Anabolic pathways

Question 3

Catabolic reactions are typically what type of reaction? Oxidation or Reduction?

Answer 3

Oxidation: need oxidized coenzymes (NAD+)

Question 4

Anabolic reactions are typically what type of reaction? Oxidation or Reduction?

Answer 4

Reduction: utilizes NADPH (electron donor)

Question 5

This system is a coupled reaction that is involved with the fast replacement of ATP. It has a short duration (5-10 sec) and predominates in short explosive activities.

Answer 5

ATP-PC system (Phosphagen system and Creatine phosphate system)

Question 6

What does a coupled reaction mean?

Answer 6

Two reactions are happening at the same time

Question 7

How much energy does creatine phosphate produce?

Answer 7

ΔG= -10.3 kcal/mol

Question 8

What is the key enzyme that is involved with the ATP-PC system?

Answer 8

Creatine kinase

Question 9

What substances inhibit the ATP-PC system? Stimulate?

Answer 9

• ATP and Creatine (excess product) inhibits

- ADP and AMP (reactants) stimulate

Question 10

What type of muscle fibers would contain higher concentrations of creatine kinase? Fast twitch or slow twitch?

Answer 10

Fast twitch

Question 11

Where does the ATP-PC system pathway take place?

Answer 11

Cytosol of mitochondria

Question 12

What are the products and reactants of the ATP-PC system?

Answer 12

Products: ATP
Reactants: ADP, AMP, Pi

Question 13

This pathway is is characterized by carbohydrate breakdown and is anaerobic.

Answer 13

Glycolysis

Question 14

This is one of the two conditions of glycolysis. In this condition pyruvate is converted to lactic acid and alanine.

Answer 14

Fast glycolysis

Question 15

This is one of the two conditions of glycolysis. In this condition pyruvate is taken to the mitochondria where it is utilized in aerobic metabolism.

Answer 15

Slow glycolysis

Question 16

In glycolysis, whether lactic acid is made or pyruvate is sent to the aerobic system, depends on what factors?

Answer 16

• The capacity of the person’s aerobic system

- The level of exercise being performed

Question 17

What is the main product of glycolysis?

Answer 17

• ATP

- Additional products: pyruvate, lactic acid, alanine, and NADH

Question 18

What are the key enzymes of glycolysis?

Answer 18

Hexokinase, phosphofructokinase (PFK), and pyruvate kinase

Question 19

What are some factors that stimulate glycolysis? Inhibit glycolysis?

Answer 19

Stimulate: increased ADP, AMP, Pi, and ammonia
Inhibit: increased ATP and creatine phosphate as well as decreased pH

Question 20

Where does glycolysis occur?

Answer 20

Cytosol

Question 21

What are the products and reactants of glycolysis?

Answer 21

Products: ATP, NADH, pyruvate, lactic acid, and alanine
Reactants: Glucose, ADP, AMP, Pi

Question 22

What are the two components of the aerobic system?

Answer 22

Krebs cycle and the electron transport system

Question 23

What substances are oxidized within the aerobic system?

Answer 23

Fats, carbohydrates, and proteins

Question 24

In general, what happens to fats, carbs, and proteins when they are metabolized?

Answer 24

• FAD is reduced to FADH2
• NAD+ is reduced to NADH + H+
• CO2, H2O, and ATP are formed

Question 25

In general, what happens during oxidative phosphorylation?

Answer 25

- Oxygen is used - FADH2 is oxidized to FAD - NADH + H+ is oxidized to NAD+ - ADP + Pi is converted to ATP - H2O is produced

Question 26

In general, what happens during the electron transport chain?

Answer 26

Electrons are passed along carriers to create a proton gradient.

Question 27

What is the chemiosmotic theory?

Answer 27

When protons flow through a special protein. ATP is created

Question 28

Which system has the greatest production of ATP?

Answer 28

The aerobic system

Question 29

Where does the aerobic system function?

Answer 29

Mitochondria

Question 30

What are the products and reactants of the aerobic system?

Answer 30

Products: ATP, NADH, FADH2 Reactants: Fats, Carbs, proteins, ADP, AMP, Pi, acetyl, citrate, NAD, FAD

Question 31

What is the key enzyme of the aerobic system?

Answer 31

Dehydrogenases

Question 32

The time is 0-5 seconds and the intensity is very high. What is the dominant pathway?

Answer 32

ATP-PC pathway

Question 33

The time is 30 seconds to 2 minutes and the intensity is high. What is the dominant pathway?

Answer 33

Glycolysis (fast)

Question 34

The time is greater than 3 minutes and the intensity is low. What is the dominant pathway?

Answer 34

Aerobic system

Question 35

This pathway can make 5 ATPs at a rate of 1.

Answer 35

ATP-PC pathway

Question 36

This pathway can make 4 ATPs at a rate of 2.

Answer 36

Fast Glycolysis

Question 37

This pathway can make 3 ATPs at a rate of 3.

Answer 37

Slow Glycolysis

Question 38

This pathway can make 2 ATP at a rate of 4.

Answer 38

Aerobic metabolism (carbohydrate)

Question 39

This pathway can make 1 ATP at a rate of 5.

Answer 39

Aerobic metabolism (Fat)