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Year 11 > Engineering Studies > Flashcards

Engineering Studies Flashcards

(78 cards)

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1
Q

Newton’s 3 Laws

A
  1. A body will remain at rest or at constant velocity unless acted upon by an unbalanced force
  2. F = ma
  3. every action has an equal and opposite reaction
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1
Q

Strength of a material

A

The ability to withstand applied loads without failure. Strength varies according to the type of load, tensile, compressive, shear or torsional

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2
Q

Hardness of a material

A

ability to resist scratching, abrasion, and indentation.

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3
Q

Elasticity of a material

A

the ability to resist elastic deformation under load. measured using Young’s modulus

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4
Q

Plasticity of a material

A

the ability to undergo some degree of permanent deformation without rupture.

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5
Q

Malleability of a material

A

the ability to be hammered and rolled into thin sheets

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6
Q

Ductility of a material

A

ability to be drawn out into thin wire

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7
Q

Fatigue of a material

A

tendency to break when subjected to repeated cyclic loading where the induced stress is well below the elastic limit

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8
Q

Notch toughness

A

amount of energy required to cause failure

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9
Q

porosity

A

amount of voids or pores that a material has

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10
Q

Moisture content

A

amount of moisture present in the structure of a material

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11
Q

Thermal conductivity

A

ability of a material to conduct heat

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12
Q

ability of a material to conduct heat

A

determined by melting point of a material, and how stable it is at elevated temperatures

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13
Q

Electrical conductivity

A

ability to conduct electricity

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14
Q

What are semiconductors

A

materials manufactured to be poor conductors. they allow small amounts of current to flow through them and are the basis for most modern electrical components

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15
Q

What is magnetism

A

result of unpaired electrons in metals

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16
Q

Diamagnetic magnetism

A

found in materials that are ionic and molecular materials

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17
Q

Paramagnetic magnetism

A

found in materials with a single valence electron

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18
Q

Ferromagnetic magnetism

A

found in materials which have large amounts of unpaired electrons and can become permanent magnets

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19
Q

Atomic Structure

A

Protons, Neutrons and Electrons

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20
Q

Ionic bonding

A

involves the transfer of one or more electrons. donor loses its valence electron while recipient fills outer shell. Imbalance of charge cause them to attract each other

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21
Q

Covalent Bonding

A

atoms share valence electrons so at any one time each atom has a full outer shell. Act as insulators due to lack of free electrons

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22
Q

Metallic Bonding

A

Valence electrons condense to form a ‘cloud’ or ‘sea’ of electrons. As a result atoms become positive ions. Ions then repel each other but kept in place by the attraction to the electron cloud. Bond has free electrons, therefore good electrical conductors

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23
Q

Van der Waal’s forces

A

fluctuating dipoles as result of uneven distribution of charges in covalent compounds causing a slightly positive and slightly negative end

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24
Polymorphism
materials that can exist in more than one crystal structure
25
BCC
body centred cubic. High strength, toughness and ductility
26
FCC
face centred cubic. excellent conductivity and ductility. used for jewellery and electrical wiring
27
HCP
Hexagonal close-packed
28
Amorphous
Non-crystalline materials
28
Ferrous Metals and alloys
metals and alloys where iron is the primary constituent
29
Stainless Steel
Ferrous Alloys with at least 10% chromium added. the chromium reacts with oxygen to form a chromium oxide layer that prevents the ferrous alloy from corroding further.
30
Non-ferrous metals and alloys
Metals and alloys in which iron is not the main constituent
31
Copper
Non-ferrous metal is used extensively in electrical fields due to its high electrical conductivity. High ductility, malleability and good corrosion resistance. Used in electrical wiring, electrical contacts and the wiring in electric motor armatures and rotors.
32
Brass
an alloy of copper and zinc. All brasses are corrosion-resistant and are used in electrical appliances as switch gears and contacts. Brass is harder than copper and hence more wear-resistant in certain applications.
33
Aluminium bronzes
exhibit excellent corrosion properties at room temperature and good wearing properties
34
Aluminium
low density and excellent corrosion resistance. However, it has low strength and as such is usually used in alloyed form. Due to its low density it usually offers strength-to-weight ratios better than most ferrous alloys.
35
Casting
A forming process that involves heating up a material and placing it into a mould. They can be made out of permanent moulds made of metal or expendable moulds of sand
36
Die Casting
Uses permanent moulds and is extensively used for non-ferrous alloy casting
37
Sand Casting
is used for a lot of ferrous alloy casting
38
Investment Casting, also known as lost wax casting
making a pattern of the object in a way, creating a mould around this, and then melting out the wax to leave a cavity to receive the molten metal
39
Rolling
Metal is passed through rollers to achieve different thicknesses and cross-sections of the metal. Rolling can be done at high temperatures (hot rolling) or only slightly elevated temperatures (cold rolling)
40
Hot rolling
hot rolling is easier to do and the resulting bar is unstressed by the deformation but they are less dimensionally accurate and covered in scale, and oxide that forms at the elevated temperature.
41
Cold rolling
cold rolling is harder to do and the final metal’s structure will be stressed and deformed, but it will have a better surface finish and be more dimensionally accurate.
42
Extruding
may be likened to squeezing toothpaste from a tube. the final structure will take the form of the die through which the metal is passed
43
Spot Welding
Pressure process. Electric current melts metal sheets under pressure joining it in ‘spots’
44
Butt Welding
Pressure process. Metal is butted together at the ends and current melts the metal
45
Seam welding
Pressure process. Metal is moved through rotating wheels that pass electric current into the metal, melting it, then joining it
46
Oxy-acetylene welding
Fusion process. Metal is melted by oxy-acetylene flame and a filler metal is added.
47
Bronze welding
Fusion / alloying process. A flame heats the parent metal and bronze filler metal is added to the joint.
48
Electric arc welding
Fusion process. Metal is melted by an electrode, which is also the filler metal. The electrode is covered in a flux to prevent oxidation of the weld metal.
49
Metal inert gas (MIG) welding
fusion process. Uses continuous feed wire to facilitate quicker welding. Flux is replaced by an inert gas that protects the weld metal from oxidation when molten.
50
Tungsten inert gas (TIG) welding
Similar to MIG, TIG ( tungsten Inert gas) replaces the continuous feed wire with a tungsten electrode and a filler rod fed by the operator.
51
Plasma arc welding
A gas, such as argon, is passed through an electric arc. The gas ionises electrons and positive ions which is plasma. The ions recombine to form a hot flame.
52
Soft soldering
tin-lead alloy to join to join two pieces of metal together
53
A flux
the resin in the centre of soldering wire to ‘wet’ the joint and chemically clean it.
54
Brazing
Brazing uses a brass that is melted onto a ferrous metal at around temperatures of 860 degrees. A flux must be used.
55
Silver Soldering
similar to brazing, but the joining material contains silver. Usually melts around 620-750 degrees. A flux must be used.
56
Mechanical jointing
the use of bolts and nuts, screws, studs and rivets to fasten metals together
57
Fabricating
the process of assembling an item from various components
58
Different cutting methods
turning, grinding, sawing, drilling, boring, reaming, interior grinding, shaping, milling
59
Polymers
aka plastics. usually covalently bonded so are good insulators of electricity and heat but are weak and have low temperature stability
60
Monomers
Smaller molecules that form polymers by linking them together
61
Addition polymerisation
two or more monomers that are all the same link together to form the polymer. monomers must be same
62
Co-polymers
Polymers made through addition polymerisation using different monomers
63
Condensation polymerisation
monomers join together and form a by-product
64
Difference between addition polymerisation and condensation polymerisation
during addition polymerisation all monomers are used to create resultant polymer whereas condensation polymerisation condense the monomers to form a by-product as well.
65
Thermoplastics
Polymers that can re-softened by the application of heat. Usually addition polymerisation with covalent bonds but only weak secondary bonds (van der Waal's forces) between the chains
66
Thermosets
polymers that cannot be re-softened by heating. Thermosets have a stronger network structure that has better rigidity and less elasticity than thermoplastics.
67
Difference between thermosets and thermoplastics
Thermoplastics have weak secondary bonds so it can be changed when heat is applied while thermosets are only made of rigid covalent bonds.
68
Ceramics
High electrical insulation, stability at elevated temperatures thermal insulation properties and resistance to chemicals make them useful applications
69
Clay body ceramics
Porcelain and China. Produced by moulding wet clay to the required shape, then set at fixed temperature to allow material to cement.
70
Glass
Better hardness compared to polymers but more expensive. Gorilla Glass is a proprietary glass product used for smartphones
71
Refractories
materials that display stability at very high temperatures. most oftenly ceramics
72
Composites
materials that are made from different materials combined together in a way to improve the properties of the component. eg galvanised steel is steel coated with zinc to stop corrosion
73
Timber
a natural composite that is composed of cellulose fibres. Excellent specific strength and reasonable performance in bending but is affected by the weather and is prone to attack from pests.
74
Concrete
composite that consists of cement, sand and aggregate. Sand fills gaps between the larger aggregate particles and the cement acts as a binder that holds it together
75
Fibre reinforced polymers
Polymers that have some fibre added to improve their rigidity and impact resistance. Glass and carbon fibre in polyester or epoxy resins are examples of this.
76
Specific strength
the strength to weight ratio of an object

Year 11 (1 decks)

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