Enginnering and Tecnology (Lets talk science 2025)

Question 1

What is March in relation to an object’s speed?

Answer 1

The ratio of an object’s speed to the speed of sound in air

Question 2

Define Altitude.

Answer 2

Height above Earth’s surface

Question 3

What is the role of aerospace engineers?

Answer 3

Design and build aircraft and spacecraft

Question 4

Why is safety crucial in aerospace engineering?

Answer 4

Extensive testing is done before human flights

Question 5

What types of tests are conducted before human use?

Answer 5

Tests include:
* Wind tunnel testing
* Flying scale models
* Ground-based tests of components

Question 6

What is the purpose of wind tunnel testing?

Answer 6

Used to study airflow around objects

Question 7

List the advantages of wind tunnel testing.

Answer 7

• Reproducible results
• Safe (no humans involved)
• Easy observation and photography

Question 8

What techniques are used in wind tunnel testing?

Answer 8

• Tufts of string or fog to visualize airflow
• Measuring pressure at different points

Question 9

What does CFD stand for in wind tunnel testing?

Answer 9

Computational Fluid Dynamics

Question 10

What are flying models used for in aerospace testing?

Answer 10

Scale models are flown to validate wind tunnel and CFD results

Question 11

Name the types of flying models.

Answer 11

• Free-flight models
• Radio-controlled models

Question 12

What was the CF-105 Arrow?

Answer 12

Canada’s first supersonic aircraft aimed to reach Mach 2

Question 13

What were the testing methods used for the Avro Arrow?

Answer 13

Used rocket-launched Free Flight Test Models (1/8 scale)

Question 14

What challenges did the Avro Arrow project face?

Answer 14

Limited success due to tracking equipment failures

Question 15

What is the significance of the F-1 engine?

Answer 15

Powered the Saturn V rocket with 1.5 million pounds of thrust

Question 16

What did the F-1 engine burn per second?

Answer 16

15 tonnes of fuel per second across five engines

Question 17

What is the purpose of test stands for rocket engines?

Answer 17

• Contain the engine
• Withstand vibrations
• Hold large fuel tanks

Question 18

What ensures safety and reliability in aviation?

Answer 18

Extensive testing of aircraft and spacecraft

Question 19

Why is flying considered the safest mode of transportation?

Answer 19

Due to strict testing and safety protocols

Question 20

What are ejection seats used for?

Answer 20

Allow pilots to escape aircraft in emergencies

Question 21

What was the Convair B-58 Hustler?

Answer 21

The first supersonic jet bomber (Mach 2, 60,000 ft)

Question 22

What were the escape capsules for the B-58 designed for?

Answer 22

To allow safe ejection at high speeds and altitudes

Question 23

What is the significance of the Space Shuttle in flight testing?

Answer 23

Launched like a rocket, landed like a glider

Question 25

What major problem was revealed during the shuttle tests?

Answer 25

A major problem in the flight control system

Question 26

What was learned from the Comet disasters?

Answer 26

Metal fatigue from pressure changes led to major improvements in aircraft design

Question 27

What was the Controlled Impact Demonstration (CID)?

Answer 27

A planned crash test for safety research using a Boeing 720

Question 28

What were the goals of the CID test?

Answer 28

* Test anti-misting kerosene * Study survivability of crash * Test seat belts and fire-resistant materials

Question 29

What is radar?

Answer 29

Radio Detection and Ranging

Question 30

How does radar work?

Answer 30

Sends out radio waves and measures how long they take to bounce back

Question 31

What are the five main parts of radar?

Answer 31

* Transmitter * Antenna * Duplexer * Receiver * Display

Question 32

What is the significance of the Doppler Effect in radar?

Answer 32

Describes how the frequency of a wave changes based on motion

Question 33

What are the two main types of radar?

Answer 33

* Pulse Radar * Continuous Wave (CW) Radar

Question 34

What is the function of Ground Penetrating Radar?

Answer 34

Used in archaeology and geology to find buried objects

Question 35

What are some challenges faced by radar systems?

Answer 35

* Jamming * Clutter * Interference

Question 36

What is the difference between radar and LIDAR?

Answer 36

LIDAR uses light pulses instead of radio waves

Question 37

What is the purpose of stealth aircraft?

Answer 37

To be hard to detect by radar

Question 38

What was the Blackbird Program?

Answer 38

A CIA project to create a stealthy, high-speed, high-altitude plane

Question 39

What is unique about flying wing aircraft?

Answer 39

No fuselage or tail; all components housed within the wing

Question 40

What was the B-2 Spirit Bomber?

Answer 40

A flying wing stealth bomber with a wingspan of 52 m

Question 41

What are artificial satellites?

Answer 41

Human-made objects launched into orbit

Question 42

What was the first artificial satellite?

Answer 42

Sputnik I (Soviet Union, 1957)

Question 43

List the functions of satellites.

Answer 43

* Communication * Navigation * Observation

Question 44

What are the types of satellite orbits?

Answer 44

* Low Earth Orbit (LEO) * Medium Earth Orbit (MEO) * Geostationary Orbit (GEO)

Question 45

What are the primary functions of satellites?

Answer 45

Earth monitoring, weather tracking, environmental studies, high-resolution imaging, studying the Universe, gathering military intelligence ## Footnote High-resolution imaging examples include monitoring coastal erosion, crops, and hurricanes.

Question 46

What is Low Earth Orbit (LEO) and its characteristics?

Answer 46

160–1,000 km; closest to Earth; short orbit time (~90 mins); best for high-res imaging and Earth observation; includes ISS and Sun-synchronous Orbits (SSO) ## Footnote LEO is ideal for satellites that require frequent data collection from the Earth's surface.

Question 47

What is Medium Earth Orbit (MEO) used for?

Answer 47

Navigation (e.g., GPS); covers more area than LEO but has weaker signals ## Footnote MEO satellites are positioned between LEO and GEO, allowing for broader coverage.

Question 48

What defines Geosynchronous Orbit (GEO)?

Answer 48

~35,786 km; matches Earth’s rotation; stays above the same spot; great for communications, TV, and weather satellites ## Footnote GEO includes geostationary orbits, which remain fixed relative to a point on the Earth's surface.

Question 49

What are the characteristics of High Earth Orbit (HEO)?

Answer 49

Above GEO; used for long-duration missions and specialized satellites ## Footnote HEO is less commonly used but essential for certain scientific and exploratory missions.

Question 50

What is the primary power source for satellites?

Answer 50

Mainly solar panels ## Footnote Solar panels convert sunlight into electricity, powering satellite systems.

Question 51

What materials are used for temperature and radiation protection in satellites?

Answer 51

Materials like aluminum shield electronics ## Footnote These materials help ensure satellite functionality in harsh space environments.

Question 52

What are the two types of communication systems in satellites?

Answer 52

Uplink (Earth → satellite), Downlink (satellite → Earth) ## Footnote These systems enable data transmission between the satellite and ground stations.

Question 53

What happens to satellites in Low Earth Orbit (LEO) when they stop working?

Answer 53

Can be de-orbited and burn up in the atmosphere ## Footnote This process helps minimize space debris.

Question 54

What can be done with non-functioning satellites in High Earth Orbit (HEO)?

Answer 54

Can be sent into space to avoid collisions ## Footnote This strategy helps mitigate the risk of space debris and collisions.

Question 55

What is the estimated number of satellites in orbit by 2030?

Answer 55

100,000+ satellites ## Footnote This increase raises concerns about light pollution, space traffic, and potential collisions.

Question 56

What is the EcoJet Project?

Answer 56

A research initiative by Bombardier to make aircraft more sustainable and fuel-efficient; focuses on new technologies and designs ## Footnote The project aims to innovate aircraft shapes for better performance.

Question 57

What are the main parts of a traditional airplane design?

Answer 57

Fuselage, wings, engines, tail ## Footnote Each component plays a crucial role in the aircraft's performance and stability.

Question 58

What is the Blended-Wing-Body (BWB) design?

Answer 58

Fuselage and wings blend together, generating more lift and having less drag ## Footnote BWB designs can improve fuel efficiency and passenger space.

Question 59

What is the role of aerodynamics in aircraft design?

Answer 59

Study of how air moves around objects; a more aerodynamic shape means less drag and needs less fuel ## Footnote EcoJet aims to cut carbon emissions significantly through improved aerodynamics.

Question 60

What historical aircraft is noted as the first wing-body design?

Answer 60

Westland Dreadnought (1924) in England ## Footnote This aircraft set the stage for future innovations in wing-body designs.

Question 61

What has Bombardier been doing since 2017 for the EcoJet Project?

Answer 61

Building and testing scaled-down prototypes, developing new control laws ## Footnote Progress continues towards creating full-sized passenger-ready versions.

Question 62

What potential impacts could the EcoJet lead to?

Answer 62

Significant reductions in airplane emissions, quieter flights, increased capacity for passengers or cargo ## Footnote While still in research, the EcoJet shows promise for sustainable aviation.