english civil war Flashcards
(119 cards)
1
Q
What was the role of Henrietta Maria in Charles I’s reign?
A
Henrietta Maria was Catholic and had her own chapel, influencing Charles’ policies.
2
Q
What was Tonnage and Poundage?
A
A tax on all exported and imported goods introduced in 1625.
3
Q
What was the significance of the 5 Knights Case?
A
In 1627, five knights refused to pay a forced loan, were imprisoned, and attempted to sue but were denied.
4
Q
What did the Petition of Right (1628) request?
A
It requested no more forced loans, imprisonment without trial, or billeting, but Charles ignored it.
5
Q
What was the outcome of the Failure of Cadiz in 1625?
A
It led to an attempted impeachment of Buckingham, but Charles dissolved Parliament.
6
Q
What financial reforms were implemented during Charles I’s personal rule?
A
Included the Treaty of Madrid, monopolies, Ship Money, and Distraint of Knighthood.
7
Q
What were Laudian reforms?
A
Changes made under Archbishop Laud, including church decorations and punishment of dissenters.
8
Q
What triggered the Bishops’ War?
A
The introduction of a new Prayer Book in Scotland in 1637 led to the Scots forming a National Covenant.
9
Q
What was the Long Parliament?
A
Parliament that convened in 1640, which removed ‘evil counsellors’ and passed significant legislation.
10
Q
What was the significance of the 1641 Triennial Act?
A
It mandated that Parliament be called every three years.
11
Q
What was the Grand Remonstrance?
A
A document published by Pym in 1641 requesting more parliamentary powers, passed by only 11 votes.
12
Q
What was the outcome of the Civil War?
A
Parliamentary victory led to Charles’ surrender in 1646 and subsequent execution in 1649.
13
Q
What was the Rump Parliament?
A
The remaining members of Parliament after Pride’s Purge, which faced challenges in governance.
14
Q
What was Cromwell’s role in Ireland?
A
He brutally suppressed potential Irish invasions at Drogheda and Wexford.
15
Q
What was the Humble Petition and Advice?
A
A proposal for stability and some religious toleration, which Cromwell rejected.
16
Q
What led to the Exclusion Crisis?
A
The Whigs’ attempts to impeach Danby and exclude James II from succession due to his Catholicism.
17
Q
What was the Glorious Revolution?
A
The peaceful transition of power to William of Orange after James II fled.
18
Q
What was the impact of Laudian reforms on dissent?
A
They alienated many, leading to increased dissent and resentment against the Church.
19
Q
What was the significance of the Act of Uniformity 1662?
A
It imposed religious uniformity, ejecting ministers who rejected Anglicanism.
20
Q
What was the role of the Quakers during this period?
A
They emerged as a significant dissenting group, particularly under George Fox’s leadership.
21
Q
How did Cromwell’s policies affect religious dissent?
A
His period of toleration allowed dissenters to establish their beliefs and organizations.
22
Q
What was the impact of Wick and Prynne’s actions in 1637?
A
Caused resentment by attacking too large a population, eliminating compromise.
23
Q
What was the Clarendon Code and Act of Uniformity 1662?
A
Too broad, unifying dissenters and attacking Presbyterians, prompting sympathy due to its harshness.
24
Q
What support did Cromwell provide to dissenters?
A
His desire for everyone to find God allowed for religious toleration, exemplified by the James Nayler case.
25
What did the Declaration of Indulgence 1672 accomplish?
Gave breathing space for dissenters, allowing churches for worship to be built.
26
What was the upper class sympathy in 1669?
Judges Bridgeman and Hale attempted to introduce a revised Act of Uniformity to include dissenters.
27
What does George Fox symbolize in the context of dissenters?
He personifies the commitment of dissenters who pursued their beliefs regardless of the cost.
28
What was the fear of Roman Catholics under the Stuart monarchy?
People feared England would change its religion and government to that of France, threatening property, religion, and laws.
29
What was the role of high-profile Catholics at Charles I's court?
They were welcomed and mainly benefited from soap monopolies.
30
What was significant about Henrietta Maria's practice?
She worshipped as a Catholic, having her own chapel and priests.
31
What were the Laudian reforms?
Promotion of bishops and decoration resembling Catholic worship, while harassing Puritans.
32
What was the Oath of Abjuration 1643?
Required Catholics over 21 to deny their beliefs or risk land confiscation.
33
What did the 1650 Toleration Act achieve?
Removed the requirement to attend Anglican church, but excluded Catholics.
34
What conspiracy was associated with the Great Fire of London in 1666?
People viewed it as a Catholic conspiracy and the plague as God's punishment for entertaining Catholics.
35
What was the Treaty of Dover 1670?
A pact with France committing England to war with Protestant Dutch, creating fears of Charles' Catholic sympathies.
36
What did the Declaration of Indulgence 1672 permit?
Allowed Catholics private worship, highlighting Charles' Catholic sympathies.
37
What actions did James II take regarding anti-Catholic sermons?
In 1686, he forbade them and set up the Court of Ecclesiastical Commission to enforce it.
38
What was the conclusion regarding the fear of Catholics?
Fear stemmed from the belief that England would adopt French religion and government, not from the practice of Catholicism itself.
39
What were the reasons for population growth in Britain from 1625-88?
Religious immigration, economic migration, and internal migration contributed to population growth.
40
How did mortality rates affect population growth?
Lower mortality rates due to better containment methods increased population growth.
41
What was the impact of fertility on population growth?
High fertility rates allowed rapid recovery from disease, contributing to population growth.
42
What significant impacts did population growth have?
Increased poverty due to competition for work and higher demand for agriculture.
43
What was the impact of the Act of Settlement 1662?
It reduced the freedoms of the poor, limiting migration and authorizing the arrest of vagrants.
44
What was the conclusion regarding the poor after the 1662 Settlement Act?
The poor were exploited for the benefit of large landowners, with vagrant poor suffering the most.
45
What changes occurred in the power of the nobility during the century?
Decline in political/economic supremacy due to rising inflation, though they still wielded power.
46
What was the rise of the gentry during this period?
As nobility declined, the gentry rose, experiencing social mobility and increased numbers.
47
What was the status of merchants in society?
Merchants grew in wealth and connections but were still looked down upon by landed elites.
48
What was the impact of the civil war on women's status?
Women had opportunities during the civil war, but hopes for improvement ended with the war.
49
What legal reforms affected women during this period?
The Toleration Act and Marriage Act provided some legal improvements, but practical progress was limited.
50
What were the demands of the Levellers?
Universal male suffrage, abolition of the House of Lords, and inclusion of poor people in politics.
51
What characterized the Ranters' beliefs?
Believed in predestination, leading to a lifestyle of excess, which caused fear and reduced religious toleration.
52
What did the Diggers advocate for?
Claimed land ownership was invalid and promoted modern ideas like universal education and abolition of monarchy.
53
Seekers
Churches and clergy were unnecessary as God could be found in each individual. More dangerous as denied religious authority.
54
Quakers
Founded by George Fox, known for tireless missionary work and organization. Despite persecution, the movement flourished to 35,000 in 1660. Tarnished by eccentric groups provoking conservative reactions.
55
Hobbes
Belief in a social contract where people confer all power to one body for protection, giving up liberties. Advocated for a strong government to avoid chaos and supported the Stuart monarchy.
56
Locke
Rejected the Tory view of necessary absolute monarchy. Agreed with Hobbes on a social contract but believed government should protect public rights, allowing removal if overstepped.
57
Empiricism
A belief that knowledge can only come from experience, essential to the experimental nature of the scientific revolution.
58
Francis Bacon
Developed the scientific method through meticulous observation and data accumulation. His ideas inspired the founding of the Royal Society and provided means to question the church.
59
Isaac Newton
Known for the discovery of gravitation. Success attributed to previous work, famously stating he was 'standing on the shoulders of giants.' His work was later simplified by Voltaire.
60
Royal Society
Received patronage from Charles I. Focused on sharing information, exemplified by Marcello Malpighi's observation of capillary action in 1661, supporting William Harvey's theory of circulation.
61
Conclusion on society in 1688
Society in 1688 was not dissimilar from 1625; the poor remained poor, and women experienced minor changes. However, Locke's ideas laid the foundation for liberal government.
62
New crops
Introduction of artichokes, asparagus, and clover improved soil fertility.
63
Enclosure
Fencing off common land for single landowners led to greater agricultural efficiency but created social hostility among small landowners and peasants.
64
Farming techniques
More efficient crop rotation reduced fallow fields, allowing new crops like potatoes and frost-resistant turnips, improving soil fertility with nitrogen-rich crops.
65
Water meadows
Diverting water from streams to fields allowed quicker grass growth and maintained cattle feed throughout winter.
66
Specialised farming
Regions specialized in distinct farming types; East Anglia for grains, Wiltshire and Somerset for dairy. Yeomen benefited from experimentation.
67
Growth of employment
Enclosure increased labor demand, with over 1 million people employed in laboring by 1688.
68
Capital investment
Investment from gentry led to larger farms, causing smallholders to become tenant farmers, improving production and changing peasant-master relationships.
69
National markets
Population growth increased food demand, with infrastructure improvements like the Turnpike Act 1633 enhancing trade links.
70
Conclusion on agricultural techniques
Improvements in agricultural techniques led to more food production, growth of London, improved transport, and national markets.
71
Growth of domestic system
Merchants supplied raw materials to weavers at home, making cloth 74% of exports in 1660 and 72% in 1700.
72
New draperies and Protestant immigration
1,500 Dutch immigrants improved quality control and efficiency in cloth production, while French Huguenots brought new skills.
73
Growth of London
By the mid-17th century, London became the largest city in Europe, a center for trade, law, banking, and insurance.
74
Bankers
Rich merchants secured financial backing, using bills of exchange to benefit suppliers.
75
Money Scriveners
Wealthy men invested capital for interest, introducing cheques for practical exchanges.
76
Marine Insurance
Insured against risks like fire and piracy, with Edward Lloyd's coffee houses facilitating information sharing.
77
Fire Insurance
The Great Fire of London in 1666 heightened awareness for insurance, still in its infancy.
78
Conclusion on trade and finance
The cloth trade was significant, supported by marine insurance and London's growth, providing a platform for banking and trade.
79
North America
Tobacco became a cash crop post-Jamestown establishment in 1607, with 22 million lbs exported by 1700.
80
Caribbean
Large-scale slavery and lucrative sugar production emerged, with the English capturing Jamaica in 1670.
81
Navigation Acts
Acts aimed to reduce Dutch trade dominance, increasing customs revenues significantly.
82
Mercantilism
The practice of accumulating wealth through trade, restricting imports from rival nations.
83
Anglo-Dutch Commercial Rivalry
Stages of rivalry included Dutch dominance, direct conflict, and eventual decline, with competition over trade routes.
84
Anglo-Dutch Wars
Three wars from 1652 to 1672 impacted the economy, with treaties often favoring Britain.
85
East India Company
Founded in 1600, it contradicted mercantilism but flourished, trading various goods and loaning money to the crown.
86
Triangular Trade
Involved the exchange of slaves for goods between Africa, the Caribbean, and Europe, with British dominance established by 1713.
87
Revolutionary ideals behind the overthrow of James II
Seen as a popular uprising but more accurately a result of foreign invasion. Historians debate the nature and motives behind the revolution.
88
What was the significance of the Bill of Rights, 1689?
The Bill of Rights was significant as it addressed abuses of royal power and ensured free and regular elections, reflecting MPs' resentment towards the Crown's interference in elections. It also clarified the position of the army, requiring parliamentary consent for its raising and limiting the king's power over court martial.
## Footnote
Historian Christopher Hill argued it was vague and did not define 'free' elections.
89
What were the terms of the Act of Settlement, 1701?
The Act barred Catholics from the succession, required future monarchs to be members of the Church of England, and ensured judges could not be dismissed without parliamentary consent. It also declared royal pardons irrelevant in cases of impeachment.
## Footnote
It reflected a fear of absolutism and limited the king's ability to engage in war without parliamentary consent.
90
What was the Whig view of the Bill of Rights?
The Whig view was that the Bill of Rights preserved England's ancient constitution from absolutism, representing a restoration of political stability rather than a new settlement.
## Footnote
Revisionist historians argued it changed little beyond the line of succession.
91
What was the importance of the Toleration Act of 1689?
The Toleration Act aimed to maintain good relations between Anglicans and dissenters by exempting dissenters from punishments if they took an oath of allegiance to the Crown. It allowed dissenters to worship freely, though their meetings were monitored.
## Footnote
By 1714, there were 400,000 dissenters in England.
92
What arguments exist for the Anglican Church being undermined?
It was accepted that the Church of England could not enforce uniformity, and dissenters made up 8% of the population. Catholics enjoyed some freedom due to William's alliances, and the power of Church courts was restricted by the Toleration Act.
## Footnote
William used his authority to influence judges and limit Church interference.
93
What arguments exist against the Anglican Church being undermined?
Key statutes like the Test Act were not repealed, requiring public officials to swear allegiance to the Church. There was no significant theological debate before the Toleration Act, which can be seen as a reactionary measure.
## Footnote
Further Toleration Acts in Scotland and Ireland did not grant dissenters rights in government.
94
What was the significance of the Triennial Act of 1694?
The Triennial Act established that Parliament could not last longer than three years, promoting regular elections and enhancing parliamentary power. It made it difficult for the Crown to establish a Parliament at Commons, increasing reliance on MPs.
## Footnote
The Act was repealed in 1716 and replaced with the Septennial Act.
95
How did the Triennial Act impact the role of Parliament from 1694 to 1701?
The Triennial Act gave Commons confidence to investigate corruption, leading to the dominance of the Whigs in Parliament. It allowed Parliament to dictate policy, especially regarding military size and land grants.
## Footnote
William's reluctance to oppose the bill of resumption indicated his limited maneuverability.
96
What arguments support the idea that Parliament was a partner in government?
Parliament encroached on royal prerogatives, such as minister appointments and army control. The Bill of Rights and Triennial Act required parliamentary approval for taxation and standing armies, making the monarch dependent on Parliament.
## Footnote
The Civil List Act of 1697 exemplified this partnership.
97
What arguments oppose the idea that Parliament was a partner in government?
Some royal prerogatives remained intact, such as declaring war and dissolving Parliament. The desire of the political class to be close to the Crown suggests a lack of revolutionary change.
## Footnote
The changes were largely reactions to William's kingship.
98
What was the impact of William's wars on the financial revolution?
William's wars strained finances, leading to a reliance on public credit and the establishment of a National Debt. The Civil List Act limited the king's income, placing military expenditure under parliamentary control.
## Footnote
The average annual expenditure during the 9 Years War was £5.4 million, while tax revenue was only £3.6 million.
99
What was the role of public scrutiny in government finances during William's reign?
Public scrutiny led to the establishment of commissions to investigate government spending, which had the power to interrogate ministers. This increased accountability and pressured William to reassess military size.
## Footnote
The first commission was set up in 1691, highlighting financial mismanagement.
100
What was the establishment of the Bank of England in 1694?
The Bank of England was established to facilitate long-term borrowing for the government, influenced by Whig Charles Montagu. It allowed for public credit and investment opportunities for citizens.
## Footnote
The success of a tontine loan in 1693 demonstrated growing interest in financial schemes.
101
What year was the Bank of England established?
1694
102
What was the purpose of the tontine loan in 1693?
Investors received annual dividends on their original loans, and as each investor died, their share was reassigned to surviving members.
103
How could investors in the Bank of England deal?
They could deal in bills of exchange, such as £100 notes.
104
How did the Bank of England help William attract investors?
It allowed large numbers of investors to deposit small amounts to be lent to the government.
105
What method did William use to raise £1,000,000 in March 1694?
He used a lottery, selling 100,000 tickets valued at £10 each.
106
How much did William raise in 1698 by promising investors a stake in the East India Company?
£2 million
107
What was the Recoinage Act of 1696 about?
It required old silver coins to be surrendered and new coins struck at mints due to the decline in value caused by coin clipping.
108
What was the significance of parliamentary control of finance?
It forced the king to meet with Parliament regularly, increasing its authority.
109
How could Parliament hold the Crown to ransom?
By controlling military expenditure and withholding supply.
110
What was established in 1698 regarding the Crown's spending?
The Crown's day-to-day spending was controlled through a civil list.
111
What was the Act of Settlement's impact on the monarchy?
It ensured a smooth Protestant succession and marked the end of divine monarchy.
112
What characterized the Glorious Revolution as not revolutionary?
It was a reactionary response to immediate situations, not backed by revolutionary ideals.
113
What limitations did the Toleration Act have?
It excluded non-Trinitarians and Catholics, requiring dissenting groups to practice in registered places.
114
What was the role of the CPA during the second half of the 1690s?
It was increasingly used to attack particular ministers rather than act as a check on finances.
115
What characterized the Glorious Revolution as revolutionary?
It involved violence, took years, and had long-term causes linked to the Protestant Reformation.
116
What did the 1689 Mutiny Act and 1694 Triennial Act establish?
They made Parliament a permanent institution.
117
What did the Bill of Rights state about raising an army?
An army could not be raised without parliamentary consent.
118
What was the Civil List Act of 1697?
It granted £700,000 a year to the Crown, representing respect rather than control.
119
What was the role of the 1691 commission of public accounts?
It scrutinized public expenditure and undermined William's ability to choose his own ministers.
