English Civil War Flashcards
(36 cards)
1
Q
How did religion cause the English civil war?
A
- anti-Catholic mood (plots)
- Archbishop Laud
- rise of Puritanism
- sect emergence and flourishing
2
Q
Guy Fawkes’ Plot
A
- 1605
* Catholic
3
Q
Describe Archbishop Laud
A
- one of Charles I’s chief advisors
- high church- accused of trying to unite the Anglicans and the Catholics
- many people thought he was Catholic, or favoured Catholics over Anglicans
- behind New Prayer Book
- married to Catholic
- converted to Catholicism on death-bed
4
Q
Describe the rise of Puritanism
A
- 1620
- Puritans sailed aboard the Mayflower to America
- searching for religious freedom
5
Q
Describe sect emergence
A
- Baptists
- Anabaptists
- Quakers
- Muggletonians
6
Q
How did politics cause the English civil war
A
- divine right of kings- Charles’ belief that he should be able to rule without parliament
- Charles was not strong
- ruled between 1629 and 1640 without parliament
- had to recall parliament to allow taxes to fund war against the Scots who opposed the new prayer book (scuffle in Edinburgh)
- gentry ridiculed Charles and asserted the right of parliament
- ‘no taxation without representation’
7
Q
What is Frank McLynn’s quote regarding Charles I
A
‘weak, vacillating, autocratic, devious, duplicitous and even treacherous’
8
Q
How did the role of the individual cause the English civil war?
A
- John Hampden
- John Pym
- Oliver Cromwell
- John Lilburne
- Richard Overton
- Gerrard Winstanley
- John Milton
9
Q
Describe the early disputes which led to the English civil war
A
- Charles inherited the Parliament which had been in Dispute with his father
- Charles inherited advisors who had disputes with the Commons (Buckingham)
10
Q
Charles I is coronated
A
1625
11
Q
Who were William Tyndale and Jean Bodin?
A
And English and french man respectively, who believed that Protestant kings should have the power to rule over both the church and the Parliament
12
Q
Describe the immediate cause of the dissolution of Parliament in 1629
A
- bypassed Parliament and collected money for customs
- 1626- levied a forced loan, using martial law
- 1628- Petition of Right- Charles had to address Parliament’s concerns
- tried to impeach Buckingham
- Charles dissolved Parliament
13
Q
Describe the 11 year rule without Parliament
A
- ship money throughout the country
- those who refused to pay were imprisoned without trial
- Scots invaded England, a humiliating peace treaty was signed
- trouble in Ireland
- November 1640- recalled
14
Q
Describe John Hampden
A
- 1637
- Refused to pay 20 shillings assessment
- put on trial as a test case
- found guilty by 7 judges to 5
- more and more people refused to pay
- became a hero figure for opposing Charles
15
Q
Who were John Hampden and John Pym
A
Leaders of the opposition against Charles
16
Q
What laws did John Hampden and John Pym impose
A
- abolished ship money and customs duties except when approved by Parliament
- Milnia Bill- transferred control of the army from Charles to Parliament
- Triennial Bill- Parliament had to be called at least every 3 years
- only Parliament could dissolve Parliament
17
Q
What was the Grand Remonstrance?
A
- December 1641
* 204 clauses summarising Parliament’s objections to Charles’ policies at home and abroad
18
Q
Describe the immediate cause of the English civil war
A
- 4th January 1642
- Charles tried to arrest 5 leading opponents
- marched into the House of Commons with armed soldiers
- Charles fled London and set up his battle standard at Nottingham
19
Q
Describe the New Model Army in general
A
- February 1645- set up
- Army of God
- officers were prohibited from being MPs (except Cromwell)
- often had strong religious views- many were dissenters or lay preachers
- well-paid: 8d per day, 2 shillings for a cavalry man
20
Q
Describe why the New Model Army was the turning point in the civil war
A
- first fully professional army, not militia
- many soldiers were veterans
- each regiment had a minister
- there was a soldier’s rule book (catechism)
- officers were promoted on merit, rather than class
21
Q
Describe the disputes between parliament and the new model army
A
- parliament wanted to dissolve it once the war was over
- some radicals wanted it to stay
- unpaid wages
- indemnity for crimes committed during the war
- religion
- who should have a vote in Parliament (property owners/every man)
- what should happen with the king
22
Q
Describe the discussions which precedented the Putney debates
A
- Newmarket
* 2 representatives from each regiment were sent to handle the disputes between the NMA and parliament
23
Q
Describe the Putney debates
A
- October and November 1647
- heavily included by the ideas of the Levellers
- they were sent back
- Cromwell said only property owners could vote
24
Q
Describe the ideals of the Levellers
A
- abolition of church tithes
- ending of monopolies
- ending of excise duties
- free speech
- women’s right to take part in politics
- every man must have a vote
- annual parliaments
- implementation of the rule of the law
- Thomas Rainsborough- colonel in the NMA
25
Describe John Lilburne
demanded every man must have a vote
26
Describe the Diggers
* 1647
* Set up by Gerrard Winstanley
* radicals
* property was theft- abolition of private property
* birthright had been stolen by the ‘Norman Yoke’
* equality could only be achieved by communities digging and planting crops together
* 1649- planted vegetables on common land in Weybridge, Surrey
27
Describe the trial of Charles I
* Bill passed for the set up of a court
* tried for high treason
* accused of acting in his own personal interests, rather than the country or the people and waging war against parliament
* Charles refused to plea, and refused to recognise the court as having the power to try him
* found guilty
* 30th January 1649- executed
28
Describe the short term significance of the execution of Charles I
* monarchy and the House of Lords abolished
* May 1649- England declared a commonwealth
* Cromwell and his army brutally put down the rebellion in Ireland
* John Lilburne + Leveller leaders imprisoned in the Tower
* several army mutinies put down
* the Diggers were marginalised
* 1650-1651: Royalist uprising (by future Charles II) defeated- peace was achieved
29
Describe the political short term consequences of the execution of Charles I
* Rump parliament tasked with devising a new constitution
* April 1653- Cromwell and armed men marched into Parliament because of the failure of this
* he seized the mace and expelled them
* Parliament of Saints- brief, fruitless
30
Describe John Milton
Believed Cromwell to be a hero for removing the king and ensuring parliamentary rule
31
Describe external opinions of Cromwell
* Trotsky- class warrior, fighting for political liberty
* Churchill- military dictator
* David Sharp- regicidal dictator
* Victoria - refused to open a town hall in Manchester because there was a statue of him in front of it
* George V vetoed naming of a ship HMS Oliver Cromwell
* BBC Poll - top 10 Britons of all time
32
Describe Oliver Cromwell in charge
* December 1653- Cromwell became Lord Protector
* 1657- offered the crown but refused
* tried to create a stable reign and establish a religious settlement
* strict Puritan views made him unpopular
* closed theatres, banned Christmas, stopped women wearing make-up and had soldiers parade around towns to enforce these laws
33
Describe the middle term consequences of the English civil war
* Cromwell’s son Richard ruled
* 1660- restoration of Charles II due to divisions between the army and civilians
* those who took part in the trial of Charles I (dead or alive) were put on trial for treason
34
Describe the middle term governmental consequences of the English civil war
* Charles II’s heir (younger brother) was Catholic
| * 1685- James II crowned- favoured Catholics
35
Describe the Glorious Revolution
* 1668
* William of Orange invited by a Parliament and army generals to rule Britain as long as he ruled through Parliament
* James left and died in exile
36
Describe William of Orange
* Protestant
| * married to James II’s daughter, Mary
