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OCR GCSE Impact of Empire > English Expansion in the British Isles > Flashcards

English Expansion in the British Isles Flashcards

1
Q

when was the Glorious Revolution?

A

1688-89

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2
Q

what changes were there to the monarchy during the Glorious Revolution?

A

the unpopular CATHOLIC king JAMES II was replaced by his PROTESTANT daughter MARY and her husband WILLIAM OF ORANGE

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3
Q

why was James II unpopular during his reign?

A

he was Catholic
while England and Scotland were largely Protestant

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4
Q

what did James II do to try reducing discrimination against Catholics?

A
  • tried weakening anti-Catholic laws without Parliament’s consent,
  • promoted Catholics to key military positions,
  • tried reducing anti-Catholic discrimination in his kingdoms.
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5
Q

When and why during James II’s reign did Scotland and England start fearing another Catholic rule?

A

1688 when James’ wife Mary gave birth to a Catholic son

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6
Q

when and why did William of Orange invade England?

A

1688
after 7 English politicians sent him an invitation to invade and make James make Mary his successor

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7
Q

how did English people react to William of Orange’s invasion?

A
  • widespread riots against King James,
  • many of James’ troops defected to William’s side
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8
Q

when did the English Parliament give William and Mary the crown as joint monarchs?

A

1689

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9
Q

what was William’s takeover also known/celebrated as?

A

a ‘Bloodless Revolution’

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10
Q

how did James react to William’s invasion and why?
when was William’s invasion?

A

retreated to London then France without a battle
because he realised there was no popular support for his Catholic cause

1688

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11
Q

when and why did James flee to Ireland after France?

A

1689
because there was Catholic support in Ireland, so he hoped to use it as a base to win back all three kingdoms (Scotland, England, Ireland) from William and Mary

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12
Q

when was the Battle of Boyne?
what was its significance?

A

1690
William’s army defeated James’
destroying James confidence that he could win the war in Ireland
so he then eventually abandoned his Irish followers and fled again to France
so William then took Dublin with no opposition

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13
Q

when was the Treaty of Limerick signed?
what did it do?
how harsh was it?

A

1691
meant that the Jacobites surrendered Limerick to William
was not harsh on the Jacobites: soldiers were not punished, landowners could keep land, Catholics were given freedom of worship

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14
Q

when were Penal Laws introduced
and by whom

A

Penal Laws 1691
by the Protestant-dominated Irish parliament

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15
Q

what did Penal Laws do?

A

discriminated against Catholics
by confiscating their land,
banning them Parliament, public office and the army,
Catholic inheritances were split between sons unless the eldest converted to Protestantism, then could inherit everything

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16
Q

how and when did the English Parliament limit Ireland’s Parliament’s independence?

A

in 1720
- English laws were now automatically imposed onto Ireland,
- laws passed in Ireland could be blocked by the English Parliament.

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17
Q

how did the English Parliament damage the Irish economy?

A
  • imposed restricitions on Irish exports,
  • and restrictions on Irish participation in colonial trade,
  • damaging their economy and making it dependent on England’s.
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18
Q

which part of Scotland did William have more support in?

A

William had many supporters in the Scottish Lowlands
but faced armed opposition from the Highlands

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19
Q

when was the Claim of Right Act and what did it do?

A

1689
- gave the crown of Scotland to William and Mary,
- Scottish Parliament the right to dismiss the monarch and make laws without royal consent,
- gave Scotland its own national church.

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20
Q

why were many Highlanders Jacobites?

A
  • rivalry with Lowlanders who were Williamites,
  • many were Catholics like James.
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21
Q

when was the Battle of Killiecrankie?
who won?

A

1689
major victory for the Jacobites over the Williamites

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22
Q

why did the Jacobite army start falling apart after the Battle of Killiecrankie?
when was the Battle of Killiecrankie?

A

during the battle, the Jacobite army leader John Graham of Claverhouse was killed
after which the army started falling apart

1689

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23
Q

how did William allow Jacobites to be pardoned?

A

in 1691 William offered a pardon to all Highlanders who had fought with the Jacobites
if they swore an oath of allegiance to him by 1st January 1692

24
Q

describe the Massacre of Glencoe

A

the MacDonalds of Glencoe travelled to swear an oath of allegiance to William to be pardoned
but arrived a few days late due to bad weather and trouble finding someone who could officially record that they had taken the oath
Scotland’s Secretary of State, JOHN DALRYMPLE, decided to punish the MacDonalds for this,
so in Feb 1692 sent the Campbells (the MacDonalds’ worst enemies) to stay with and kill them.
the involvement of royal officials was well-known yet nobody was punished
poisoned tensions between Highland clans
and encouraged more Highlanders to become Jacobites.

25
Q

how many men were murdered
and women and children died
during the Massacre of Glencoe

A

38 men murdered
40 women and children died

26
Q

why was Scotland’s economy suffering during the 1690s

A
  • international trade was difficult because many European countries were fighting the Nine Years’ War,
  • a series of poor harvests had caused famine.
27
Q

when was the Darien Scheme launched
and what was its aim?

A

launched in the 1690s
aimed to set up Scottish trading colony at Darien (modern Panama)
to enable valuable international trade
and revive Scotland’s economy

28
Q

how successful was the Darien Scheme and why?

A

unsuccessful because
- colonists suffered disease and starvation,
- they were repeatedly attacked by the Spanish who claimed that Darien belonged them,
- Scotland lost an estimated 25% of financial resources to the scheme.

29
Q

how many colonists died during the Darien Scheme?

A

more than 2000 colonists died

30
Q

why did the EIC not support the Darien Scheme?
what action did they then take for this?

A
  • the EIC opposed the Darien Scheme as it threatened their monopoly over trade with India,
  • the EIC thus prevented any English investment into the scheme.
31
Q

why did King William not support the Darien Scheme?
what action did he then take for this?

A
  • William opposed the Darien Scheme because he was concerned it would damage England’s alliance with Spain (because Spain felt that Darien belonged to them),
  • he thus banned al English ships from trading with the Darien colony.
32
Q

when was the Act of Settlement
what did it do?

A

1701
passed the crown to distant relative Sophia of Hanover who was the closest Protestant relative

33
Q

how did the Scots react to the Act of Settlement?

A
  • threatened to reject the Hanoverian Succession (they were independent so could),
  • and to choose their own monarch,
  • unless England made major political, financial and religious concessions.
34
Q

how did England get the Scots to accept the Hanoverian succession?

A
  • threatened to ban trade and free movement between Scotland and England if they did not accept the succession or entered negotiations for a full political union,
  • Scotland then agreed to a full political union hoping that it would help their economy.
35
Q

how did political union unite England and Scotland?

A

made England and Scotland a single kingdom under a single monarch, aka Great Britain/the United Kingdom.

36
Q

when was the Act of Union?

A

1707

37
Q

what changes did the Act of Union impose onto Parliament?

A
  • got rid of the Scottish Parliament,
  • created the Parliament of Great Britain in Westminster,
  • with 45 Scots in the House of Commons
  • and 16 in the House of Lords.
38
Q

how was trade affected by the Act of Union?

A
  • established free trade between Scotland and England,
  • Scots could now take part in colonial trade on the same terms as the English.
39
Q

how were taxes changed by the Act of Union?

A
  • taxes were adjusted to be equal in England and Scotland,
  • some Scottish products (e.g. malt, salt) were protected from higher taxes.
40
Q

what was the Equivalent?

A

a large sum of money England promised to Scotland, largely to compensate for the money lost by the Darien Scheme
and sometimes seen as a bribe to persuade the Scots to join the Union.

41
Q

why were the Scots disappointed with the Union?

A

they had hoped that the Union would strengthen their economy
but it actually seemed to weaken their economic and political position in Britain
and not protect their culture as they had been promised

42
Q

how did the Union deplete Scotland’s political position in Britain?

A

the Parliament of Great Britain had many more English MPs than Scottish ones,
so the English could pass new laws without Scots agreeing with them.

43
Q

how did the Union not help the Scottish economy as they had hoped it would?

A
  • it took many years for England to start paying the Equivalent,
  • taxes went up in Scotland, leading to higher prices which hit Scottish consumers and producers hard,
  • Parliament seemed to protect English industries at the expense of Scottish ones, e.g. Scottish linen industry faced taxes that the English wool industry didn’t,
  • Scottish linen industry struggled with English competition.
44
Q

why did Scotland not feel that its culture was being protected by the Act of Union?

A

because of the religious and legal changes imposed by Parliament.

45
Q

when was the Jacobite rebellion
and whom was it led by?

A

1715
led by the Earl of Mar (an influential Scottish politician who had been removed from office by George I)

46
Q

what was the aim of the Jacobite Rebellion?

A
  • to crown James II’s son (‘the Old Pretender’) the king Scotland
47
Q

outline what happened during the Jacobite Rebellion

A
  • 1715 September, Earl of Mar started gathering a large Scottish army,
  • by October, had taken control of the Highlands,
  • but was unable to make progress in the Lowlands where there was much less Jacobite support,
  • December: the Old Pretender arrived in Scotland to lead the rebellion,
  • but support for the revolt had greatly faded and further military campaigns achieved nothing,
  • so in 1716, the Great Pretender and the Earl of Mar fled to France.
48
Q

why did the Jacobite Rebellion fail?

A
  • Mar was an ineffective military commander,
  • the Old Pretender was weak and sickly,
  • there was little Jacobite support in the Lowlands.
49
Q

which Scots emigrated to the Americas and why?

A

educated Scots like lawyers, doctors, teachers and church ministers emigrated to the Americas
where their skills were high in demand

50
Q

why did many Scottish manufacturers and merchants become involved in colonial trade after the Act of Union?

A

the Act of Union meant Scots could freely trade with British colonies, e.g. buying tobacco from North America to sell in Britain

51
Q

why did the majority of British emigrants travel to the Americas?

A
  • to work as an indentured servant
  • for four to seven years,
  • while being provided food, housing and clothes by their employers.
52
Q

when were the ‘seven ill years’?
describe them
where did people emigrate to to escape Scotland during these years?

A

the 1690s
when an economic slump and a series of failed harvests caused widespread famine
and rising rents and outbreak of livestock disease
thousands of people emigrated to escape
with most going to Ulster and some to the Americas

53
Q

why did many Irish emigrate to America or England during the ‘Ill Years’?

A
  • Penal Laws in Ireland forced many Irish Catholics to emigrate, e.g. inheritance rules made many Catholic farmers’ plots too small,
  • to escape rising rents, livestock disease outbreaks and the economic slump
54
Q

what was transportation?

A

the forced emigration of criminals to British colonies in the Americas for a fixed period of time, proportional to the seriousness of their crime.

55
Q

what act made transportation more common?
when was it passed?

A

Transportation Act
1711

OCR GCSE Impact of Empire (3 decks)

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