EngManagement

Question 1

The act of choosing one (the best) alternative
from among a set of alternatives.

Answer 1

Decision Making

Question 2

–A decision that is relatively structured
or recurs with some frequency (or both).
–Example: Starting your car in the morning

Answer 2

Programmed Decision

Question 3

–A decision that is relatively unstructured
and occurs much less often than a
programmed decision.
–Example: Choosing a vacation destination.

Answer 3

Nonprogrammed Decision

Question 4

–The decision maker knows with reasonable certainty
what the alternatives are and what conditions are
associated with each alternative.

Answer 4

Decision Making Under Certainty

Question 4

–The availability of each alternative and its potential
payoffs and costs are all associated with risks.

Answer 4

Decision Making Under Risk

Question 5

–The decision maker does not know all the alternatives,
the risks associated with each, or the consequences
of each alternative.

Answer 5

Decision Making Under Uncertainty

Question 6

selecting the alternative that offers the
best combination (balance) of feasibility, satisfactoriness,
and affordability suited to the situation.

Answer 6

Optimization

Question 7

–A positive or negative political force in decision
making which consists of an informal alliance of
individuals or groups formed to achieve a goal.

Answer 7

Coalition

Question 7

–The concept that decision makers are limited by their
values and unconscious reflexes, skills, and habits

Answer 7

Bounded Rationality

Question 8

–The tendency to search for alternatives only until one
is found that meets some minimum standard of
sufficiency to resolve the problem.
* Personal motives and biases
* Expediency (degree of impact alternative choice will have)
* Cost of continuing to search for alternatives

Answer 8

Satisficing

Question 9

–An innate belief about something
without conscious consideration.

Answer 9

Intuition

Question 9

A decision maker’s staying with
a decision even when it appears
to be wrong.

Answer 9

Escalation of Commitment

Question 10

–The extent to which a decision maker is
willing to gamble when making a decision.

Answer 10

Risk Propensity

Question 11

–Individual ethics (personal beliefs about right and
wrong behavior) combine with the organization’s
ethics to create _________ ______.

Answer 11

Managerial Ethics

Question 12

Consists of an existing group or newly formed team
interacting and then making a decision.

Answer 12

Interacting groups or teams

Question 13

Developing a consensus of expert opinion from a panel of
experts who individually contribute through a moderator.

Answer 13

Delphi groups

Question 14

Generating ideas through the individual contributions of alternatives that are winnowed down to reach a decision.

Answer 14

Nominal groups

Question 15

–The overall set of structural elements that can
be used to configure the total organization.

–A means to implement strategies and plans to
achieve organizational goals.

Answer 15

Organization Structure and Design

Question 16

The degree to which the overall task of the
organization is broken down and divided into
smaller component parts.

Answer 16

Job Specialization (Division of Labor)

Question 17

The perceived importance of the task by the worker

Answer 17

Task Significance

Question 18

The number of tasks a person does in a job

Answer 18

Skill Variety

Question 18

The extent to which the worker does a complete or
identifiable portion of the total job

Answer 18

Task Identity

Question 19

The desire for people to grow, develop, and expand their capabilities that is their response to the core dimensions

Answer 19

Growth Need Strength

Question 19

The degree of control the worker has over how the work is performed

Answer 19

Autonomy

Question 20

The extent to which the worker knows how well the job is being performed

Answer 20

Feedback

Question 21

The process of grouping jobs according to some logical arrangement

Answer 21

Departmentalization

Question 22

– Lead to higher levels of employee morale and productivity. – Create more administrative responsibility for the relatively few managers. – Create more supervisory responsibility for managers due to wider spans of control.

Answer 22

Flat Organizations

Question 22

–Are more expensive because of the number of managers involved. – Foster more communication problems because of the number of people through whom information must pass.

Answer 22

Tall Organizations

Question 23

Power that has been legitimized by the organization.

Answer 23

Authority

Question 24

The process by which managers assign a portion of their total workload to others.

Answer 24

Delegation

Question 25

The process of linking the activities of the various departments of the organization

Answer 25

Coordination

Question 26

A logical, rational, and efficient organization design based on a legitimate and formal system of authority.

Answer 26

* Bureaucratic Model (Max Weber)

Question 27

–Defined as the total number of full-time or full-time equivalent employees.

Answer 27

Organizational Size

Question 28

The progression of organizations as they grow and mature—birth, youth, midlife, and maturity.

Answer 28

Organizational Life Cycle

Question 29

Organizational members and units are grouped into functional departments.

Answer 29

Functional or U-form (Unitary) Design

Question 29

–Organization consists of a set of unrelated businesses with a general manager for each business. –Holding-company design is similar to product departmentalization. –Coordination is based on the allocation of resources across companies in the portfolio. –Design has produced only average to weak financial performance; has been abandoned for other approaches

Answer 29

Conglomerate or H-form (Holding) Design

Question 30

–Is based on multiple businesses in related areas operating within a larger organizational framework; following a strategy of related diversification. –Activities are decentralized down to the divisional level; others are centralized at the corporate level. –The largest advantages of the M-form design are the opportunities for coordination and sharing of resources.

Answer 30

Divisional or M-form (Multidivisional) Design

Question 31

–An organizational arrangement based on two overlapping bases of departmentalization.

Answer 31

Matrix Design

Question 32

–Is based on two or more organization design forms such as a mixture of related divisions and a single unrelated division. –Most organizations use a modified form of organization design that permits them to have the flexibility to make strategic adjustments.

Answer 32

Hybrid Design

Question 33

–Any substantive modification to some part of the organization (e.g., work schedules, machinery, employees).

Answer 33

Organization Change

Question 34

in the organization’s general and task environments force the organization to alter the way in which it competes.

Answer 34

External forces

Question 35

inside the organization cause it to change its structure and strategy; some internal forces are responses to external pressures.

Answer 35

Internal forces

Question 36

Change that is designed and implemented in an orderly and timely fashion in anticipation of future events.

Answer 36

Planned Change

Question 37

Change that is a piecemeal response to events and circumstances as they develop.

Answer 37

Reactive Change

Question 38

The radical redesign of all aspects of a business to achieve major improvements in cost, service, or time

Answer 38

Business Process Change (Reengineering)

Question 39

A planned, organization-wide effort managed from the top, intended to increase organizational effectiveness and health through interventions in the organization’s processes, using behavioral science knowledge.

Answer 39

Organization Development

Question 40

The managed effort of an organization to develop new products or services or new uses for existing products or services.

Answer 40

Innovation

Question 41

–A new product, service, or technology developed by an organization that replaces an existing one.

Answer 41

Radical Innovation

Question 42

–A new product, service, or technology that modifies an existing one

Answer 42

Incremental Innovation

Question 43

A change in the appearance or performance of a product or service, or the physical processes through which a product or service is manufactured.

Answer 43

Technical Innovation

Question 44

A change in the management process by which products and services are conceived, built, and delivered to customers.

Answer 44

Managerial Innovation

Question 45

A change in the way a product or service is manufactured, created, or distributed.

Answer 45

Process Innovation

Question 45

A change in the physical characteristics or performance of an existing product or service or the creation of a new product or service.

Answer 45

Product Innovation