Enlightenment and Scientific Revolution

Question 1

Heliocentric Theory

Answer 1

The idea that the sun was the center of the solar system

Question 2

Galileo Galilei

Answer 2

Provided the heliocentric theory, and subsequently, was punished by the church

Question 3

Scientific Method

Answer 3

A logical procedure for gathering information about the natural world, in which experimentation and observation are used to test hypothesis

Question 4

The Enlightenment

Answer 4

An 18th century movement in which thinkers who questioned traditional views about government and society

Question 5

Social Contract

Answer 5

Refers to the arrangement between a monarch and his subjects, in which people give up their rights in exchange for law and order

Question 6

John Locke

Answer 6

Said that all people were born free and equal. Advocated overthrowing any government that didn’t protect its citizen’s natural rights

Question 7

Natural Rights

Answer 7

Life, liberty, and property

Question 8

Philosophes

Answer 8

A group of social thinkers in France during the Enlightenment

Question 9

Voltaire

Answer 9

Promoted freedom of expression, thought and religion

Question 10

Montesquieu

Answer 10

Wanted the power of government to be divided into different “branches”

Question 11

Wollstonecraft

Answer 11

Criticized other philosophes for ignoring women’s equality

Question 12

Salons

Answer 12

Social gatherings in which, philosophers, artists, scientists, and other great intellects met to discuss ideas and enjoy artistic performances

Question 13

Enlightened Despots

Answer 13

Monarchs that embraced the new ideas and made reforms that reflected the spirit of the Enlightenment

Question 14

Declaration of Independence

Answer 14

A document, based on the ideas of John Locke, which detailed the reasons why American colonists were rebelling against the British government

Question 15

Bill of Rights

Answer 15

The first ten amendments to the US constitution, protecting such basic rights as, freedom of speech, press, assembly and religion

Question 16

Isaac Newton

Answer 16

created the law of universal gravitation to explain the effects of gravity on objects on earth and space

Question 17

Rousseau

Answer 17

argued that the government must act in “general will” of society and that people must give up some of their freedoms for the common good of society

Question 18

Catherine the Great

Answer 18

Russian leader who brought about limited reforms to society. Also expanded Russian territory.

Question 19

Neoclassical

Answer 19

new classical, meaning an art style that sought inspiration from the Classical styles of ancient Greece and Rome

Question 20

Thomas Jefferson

Answer 20

author of the Declaration of Independence, he was heavily influenced by John Locke’s ideas on natural rights

Question 21

Checks and balances

Answer 21

a system developed in the U.S. Constitution that allows different branches of government to limit each other’s power in order to prevent tyranny/absolute power