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ent 101 Flashcards

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1
Q

a single layer of living cells

A

epidemic

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2
Q

non living layer

A

cuticle - cant grow

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3
Q

advantages of exoskeleton

A
  • suit of amor
  • prevent water movement
  • protects from physical damage
  • barrier from pathogens and predators
    -resists ultraviolet rays
  • structure for muscle attachment
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4
Q

disadvantages of exoskeleton

A
  • cant sense surroundings
  • cant grow inside suit of amor
  • must molt
    cant grow to big
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5
Q

molting

A

immature insects (nymphs and larvae) specialized to grow and BLANK often

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6
Q

stages are numbered BLANK during molting

A

instars

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7
Q

how to get out of the old skin

A

old cuticle split and arthropod wiggles out of it then it hardens and darkens

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8
Q

when should an insect molt

A

when the hormones are released

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9
Q

ecdysone

A

hormone that is sent that is a message that means it times to molt produces just before each molt

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10
Q

juvenile hormone

A

message that means to stay immature
-present when changing into nymph/larvae instars
- less is presented when changing into a pupa
- none is presented the changing to an adult

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11
Q

insect growth regulation

A

insecticide that mimics juvenile hormones
- insects can never turn into an adult

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12
Q

olfactory receptors

A

smell - detect airborne molecules like order and pheromones
- hairs on antanne

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13
Q

Gustatory Receptors

A
  • taste - hairs that detect molecules by contact
  • on mouthparts and feet
  • each hair has a cell that respond to a certain type of chemical like our tastebuds
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14
Q

Mechanoreceptors hairs

A

sense of touch - hairs bend when they touch something

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15
Q

Mechanoreceptors

A

sense of hearing - hairs feel vibrations

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16
Q

tympanum

A

some insects have BLANK a thin spot in exoskeleton for hearing

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17
Q

insect vison

A

insects have compound eyes `

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18
Q

ommatidia

A

individual lenses of the compound eye

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19
Q

each ommatidium provides a small part of the picture so the insects see a BLANK image

A

mosaic like

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20
Q

do insects see color

A

insects do see in color but the range is shifted forward to ultraviolet compared to ours

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21
Q

how does information get transmitted from sensory receptors to generate a response

A

nervous system

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22
Q

general role of the nervous system

A
  • collect and transmit sensory information
  • control response
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23
Q

basic unit of the nervous system

A

neuron

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24
Q

anatomy of a neuron

A

-dendrites
- cell body
- axon

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25
dendrites
receiving message
26
cell body
contains genetic information
27
axon
sends message to next neuron
28
how are messages sent
synapses
29
synapse
gap between neurons
30
neurotransmitters
molecules released from an axon that carry the message across the synapse to the next neurons dendrites
31
acetylcholine
one main function is telling muscles to contract
32
acetylcholinesterase
enzymes that breaks down acetylcholine so quits sending the message
33
serotonin
present in insects venom ( appetite and sleep in humans)
34
dopamine
aversions learning in anthropoids ( reward learning in mammals)
35
noradrenaline
fight or flight response
36
most chemical insectidides are most
nerve posions
37
chemical insecticides
- mimicking acetylcholine - interfering with the function of acetylcholinesterase - causes continual muscle contraction tremors ect
38
nervous system basic
same in insects and humans - neurons - neurotransmitters
39
insects have a BLANK nerve cord
ventral - belly side
40
ganglia
mini brains found in each body segments
41
decentralized nervous system
brain and ganglia controlling body functions and behavior
42
spiracles
opening not he side of the throat and abdomen of most insect - air and enters and leaves the respiratory stem through these openings
43
tracheae/tracheoles
system of tubes (connected ti spiracles) that delivers oxygen directly to cell
44
respotory system in insects
carry oxygen directly to cells
45
how do aquatic insects breath
gills, going to the surface ti breath, carry a bubble of air with them
46
circulatory system
dorsal blood vessels (heart)
47
insect circulatory system
open ciculatroy system - open ended tubular heat
48
blood
herolymph
49
blood traces through dorsal blood vessel then dumps into a
open cavity
50
insect blood does BLANK transport oxygen
NOT
51
insect blood
transports nutrients and waste products transports hormones
52
insect blood cells
defense against invading objects
53
liquid
plasma
54
why isn't insect blood RED like ours
insect blood doesn't carry oxygen so its nit red colored
55
most insects have BLANK reproduction
sexual - the male transfers sperm to the female and she uses those sperm to fertilize her eggs
56
sexual reproduction - advantages
- offspring has a mix of genes from 2 parents - new characteristics ad could be better adapted
57
sexual reproduction - disadvantages
- have to find a mate
58
testes
produce sperm
59
seminal vesicles
store sperm before transfer to female
60
accessory gland
- mafucatures seminal fluid - production of spermatophores in some insects
61
seminal fluid
liquid that stutains mature sperm
62
aedeagus ( penis)
transfers sperm to female
63
ovary
produces eggs
64
spermatheca
stores sperm after mating
65
accessory gland for female
produces glue like substance for eggs coating from egg masses
66
genital chamber
receives sperm from male lays eggs
67
males tend to be smaller
true
68
unusual reproductive anatamony
mayflies - 2 penis 2 vaginas dragon flies/damselfies - mating wheel earwigs - second penis that points the wrong way (spare)
69
traumatic insemenation
bed bugs will stab the female abdomen and release its sperm directly into her body cavity - the sperm moves through her blood to the ovaries
70
male insects worry about their sperm being used
females have spermathecae that store sperm from multiple mates
71
how can males make sure his sperm is used
- mate in a concealed location -mate guarding by male -mating plug -inhibitory pheromones -antiaphrodisiac - males interfere with sperm of previous male
72
mating plug
physically block other males from mating - bees have sperm that turns into a solid plug
73
inhibitory pheromones
chemical injected with sperm that runs off females desire to mate
74
antiaphordisiac
chemicals males put on outside of females body to mask her pheromone sent
75
fertilization of eggs
fertilization occurs as the egg goes past the spermatheca
76
oviparity
females lays fertilized eggs with suffiecnet nutireitns for embryos t complete development
77
assexual reproduction
the egg developed into a new individual without fertilization - females can produce without male - offspring are identical to mother
78
in social ants bees and wasps unfertilized eggs become BALNK while fetilized eggs become BLANK
unfertilized- male fertilized - female
79
ovoviparity
eggs produced but hatch inside females body
80
viviparity
embryos develop inside female not eggs
81
insects mouthparts are responsible for ingestion just like our
teeth and tongue
82
labrum
a plate that serves as the upper lip in insects with chewing mouthparts - helps pull food into the mouth
83
manibles
like our jaw moves side to side - chew cut and tear food carry things fighting
84
maxillae
function: manipulate food during chewing - palps
85
labium
lower lip - manipulates food during chewing - palms
86
what are palps
1 pair on maxillae 1 pair on labium - hav gustatory receoptors to identify food - some insects will eat food they'll normally refuse if palps are removed
87
chewing mouth parts are
primitive
88
pericing sucking mouth parts
- true bugs - fleas - mosquitos - sucking lice
89
siphoning mouth parts
moths and butterflies
90
sponging mouth parts
flies - put salvia on food to dissolve it into a liquid
91
three parts of digestive system
- foregut -midgut - hindgut
92
foregut
some digestion occurs here but not much - lined with cuticle so little nutrient absorption
93
midut
digestion of food and absorption of nutrients into surrounding blood
94
hindgut
water salt some sugars absorbed defecation is lined with cuticle
95
malpighian tubes
remove metabolic waste from blood and gums into handgun so will be excreted from the body
96
ammonia
highly toxic requires lots of water
97
urea
requires moderate amount of water - urea+water = urine
98
uric acid
very little water

ent 101 (1 decks)

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