ENT Flashcards
(25 cards)
What is relapsing polychondritis?
Condition which causes repeated episodes of cartilage inflammation, typically the ear cartilage and nose
Can lead to red, hot ears and deformed nose structure (saddle nose)
How does chondrodermatitis nodularis present?
Tender nodule forms usually on the helix of the ear
Associated with extremes of temperature, pressure and trauma from headphones
Symptoms of salivary gland stones?
- Pain and swelling of affected glands
- Usually triggered during eating and chewing, when salivary glands are more active
- Symptoms often resolve slowly after mealtimes
Management of salivary gland stones…
- Referral to ENT
- Hydration and analgesia using NSAIDs
- Antibiotics if secondary infection suspected
What are the common features of Meniere’s disease?
- Vertigo
- Sensorineural hearing loss
- Tinnitus
**Feeling of aural fullness
Management of Meniere’s disease…
**Referral to ENT required for diagnosis
Acute attack: Prochlorperazine
Prevention: Betahistine, vestibular rehab exercises
What Weber’s and Rinne’s test findings are expected in conductive hearing loss?
Weber’s = lateralises to affected ear
Rinne’s = Bone conduction> air conduction
What Weber’s and Rinne’s test findings are expected in sensorineural hearing loss?
Weber’s = lateralises to unaffected ear
Rinne’s = Air conduction > bone conduction
What are the features of otosclerosis?
- Progressive conductive hearing loss
- Tinnitus
- Pink coloured tympanic membrane (Schwarz’s sign)
What are the main features of Horner’s syndrome?
- Miosis
- Ptosis
- Enophthalmos (sunken eye)
- Anhidrosis
What is Pancoast tumour and what can it present with?
- Malignant tumour of the apex of the lung
- Can compress cervical sympathetic plexus
- Results in ipsilateral Horner syndrome
- Can also impact recurrent laryngeal nerve leading to hoarseness of voice
What blood vessels are involved in anterior epistaxis?
Kiesselbach’s plexus - consisting of anterior and posterior ethmoid arteries
Medications that can cause tinnitus…
- Quinines
- NSAIDs
- Aspirin
- Aminoglyclosides e.g. gentamicin
- Loop diuretics e.g. furosemide
How to differentiate between sebaceous cyst and lipoma?
Sebaceous cyst = small, smooth lump - tethered to the skin, can become infected
Lipoma = small lumps which lie deep to the skin - skin can move freely over them
What are nasal polyps associated with?
- Asthma
- Aspirin sensitivity
- Allergic rhinitis
- Sinusitis
What are common adverse effects of long-term nasal decongestants?
- Rebound nasal congestion
- Nasal burning
- Nasal irritation
- Nasal dryness
What are the features of vestibular neuronitis?
- Episodes of vertigo lasting hours to days
- Horizontal nystagmus
- Typically develops after viral illness
- Associated nausea and vomiting
*NO hearing loss or tinnitus
What scale is used to diagnose OSA?
Epworth sleepiness scale –> determines extent and severity of symptoms
What are key diagnostic features seen in acute bacterial sinusitis?
- Purulent/ discoloured nasal discharge
- Fever > 38C
- Facial pain - usually unilateral
- Raised ESR/ CRP
- Double sickening –> significant deterioration in symptoms proceeds with milder symptoms
What are some general features of acute sinusitis?
- Nasal blockage
- Nasal discharge
- Cough
- Tenderness in maxillofacial area
What is the management of otitis externa?
1st line = topical antibiotics + steroid
Oral antibiotics used if infection is spreading
Admission for IV antibiotics required for malignant otitis externa
What audiogram findings would be seen in presbyacusis?
Presbyacusis = age-related ear damage leading to sensorineural hearing loss
Audiogram shows reduced hearing at higher frequencies (higher dB at higher frequencies)
What investigations should a patient with tinnitus undergo?
Full audiological assessment –> audiometry and otoacoustic emission testing if other indicative signs or symptoms present
What is the most common form of thyroid cancer?
Papillary carcinoma - 75% of differentiated thyroid carcinomas
