Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Medicine > ENT > Flashcards

ENT Flashcards

(83 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

What is the usual causative organism in malignant/necrotising otitis externa?

A

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Name the 2 main organisms involved in otitis externa

A

Pseudomonas and staph aureus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the pathophysiology behind a cholesteatoma?

A

TM perforation can happen in chronic otitis media. This leads to prolonged low middle ear pressure –> retraction pocket of pars tensa or flaccida –> enlarges, squamous epithelium builds up –> cholesteatoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

How does the discharge look in chronic otitis media?

A

Bloody, serous discharge

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the treatment for cholesteatoma?

A

Mastoid surgery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

You suspect CSF otorrhea - how can you confirm this?

A

Halo sign, increased glucose, B2 Tau

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What imaging should you do for someone with suspected mastoiditis?

A

CT

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What treatment should be given to someone with mastoiditis?

A

IV Abx, myringoplasty (hole in TM to relieve pressure), mastoidectomy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What infections can cause non-genetic deafness in utero?

A

CMV, rubella, toxoplasmosis, HSV, Syphilis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the pathophysiology behind otosclerosis?

A

New bone forms around the stapes footplate which leads to its fixation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Name some ototoxic medications that can lead to sensorineural deafness?

A

Streptomycin, vancomycin, gentamycin, chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine, vinca alkaloids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the head thrust used for?

A

It is a provocation test to elicit the symptoms of vertigo

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the Dix-Hallpike test?

A

It is a provocation test to elicit the symptoms of vertigo

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

How do you carry out the Dix-Hallpike test?

A

Move pt quickly from sitting position to lying supine position w/ head turned to one side & extended over the end of the bed—look for nystagmus & ask about vertigo

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Name 4 peripheral causes of vertigo

A

1) Meniere’s (episodic)
2) BPPV (few secs/mins)
3) Vestibular failure
4) Labyrinthitis (prolonged >24 hours)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Name 5 central causes of vertigo

A

Acoustic neuroma, MS, head injury, migraine, vertebrobasilar insufficiency

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Which drugs can cause tinnitus?

A

Loop diuretics, tricyclics, aminoglycosides, aspirin, NSAIDs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

How would the ear canal look in otitis externa?

A

Swollen narrow canal with discharge/ flaking skin.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

How do you treat acute otitis externa?

A

Abx-steroid drops

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

How do you treat chronic otitis externa?

A

Anti-fungal steroid drops

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

How do you treat acute otitis media?

A

Oral Abx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

How do you treat otitis media with effusion AKA glue ear?

A

Observe for 3 months as many resolve. May require tympanostomy AKA grommet

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What does a blue X represent on pure tone audiogram?

A

Left, air conduction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What does a blue I represent on pure tone audiogram?

A

Left, bone conduction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What does a red X represent on pure tone audiogram?
Right, air conduction
26
What does a red I represent on pure tone audiogram?
Right, bone conduction
27
What does impedance audiogram measure?
Detects pressure changes in middle ear Verifies state of TM Assesses acoustic reflex pathways
28
What does tympanometry measure?
Measures sounds reflected from the TM as Dr adjusts pressure of air in air canal
29
What is the Jerger system?
It is used in impedance audiogram as a way of describing results
30
In the Jerger system, what does a Type A result mean?
Normal pressure in the middle ear
31
In the Jerger system, what does Type B result with a normal ear canal volume suggests?
Otitis media
32
In the Jerger system, what does Type B result with a small ear canal volume suggests?
Wax or debris occluding the ear canal
33
In the Jerger system, what does Type B result with a large ear canal volume suggests?
Hole in the tympanic membrane
34
In the Jerger system, what does Type C result mean? What diagnoses may this result point towards?
Negative pressure in the middle ear | Could be otitis media or Eustachian tube dysfunction
35
What is the House-Brackmann scale used for?
To assess facial nerve function
36
What does II on the House-Brackmann scale mean?
There is slight weakness
37
What does III on the House-Brackmann scale mean?
Non-disfiguring weakness
38
What does IV on the House-Brackmann scale mean?
Disfiguring weakness
39
What does V on the House-Brackmann scale mean?
Minimal movement with asymmetric resting tone
40
What does VI on the House-Brackmann scale mean?
Asymmetric
41
Name 2 red flags that suggest a nasal tumour
Unilateral epistaxis, facial swelling
42
What is the first step in the management of epistaxis?
Get patient to pinch the lower part of their nose for 20 minutes. Sit forward. Put an ice pack on the dorsum of the nose.
43
Get patient to pinch the lower part of their nose for 20 minutes. Sit forward. Put an ice pack on the dorsum of the nose - FAILED, NEXT STEP?
Ask patient to blow out any clots and cauterize with silver nitrate
44
Ask patient to blow out any clots and cauterize with silver nitrate - FAILED, NEXT STEP?
Apply a cotton ball soaked in adrenaline or local anaesthetic spray for 2 minutes.
45
Apply a cotton ball soaked in adrenaline or local anaesthetic spray for 2 minutes. FAILED, NEXT STEP?
Advance an anterior nasal pack horizontally into the nose
46
Which 4 vessels makes up Little's area AKA Kiesselbach's plexus?
- Anterior ethmoidal artery - Sphenopalatine artery - Greater palatine artery - Superior labial artery
47
What 3 steps may you do for a posterior nose bleed?
1) EUA 2) Endoscopic ligation of artery 3) Embolisation of an artery (risk of stroke so only do if it will be life-saving)
48
A patient presents to GP with significant nasal deviation due to trauma - what should you do?
Refer him to ENT within 7-10 days of the injury
49
A patient is sad cos they have broken their nose - if needed, when should their nose be reduced? How long does it normally take for fractured nasal bones to heal?
In adults, nasal fracture reduction should happen within 5-10 days of the injury It usually takes 2-3 weeks for fractured nasal bones to heal
50
What is the main cause of bacterial sore throats?
Group A B-haemolytic streptococci
51
List 2 features that would suggest the cause of a sore throat is viral?
If coryza (rhinitis/ common cold) and a cough is present
52
What is a quinsy, in whom does it tend to occur and how does it present?
Peritonsilar abscess. Usually occurs in adults. Presents as a unilateral swelling, difficulty swallowing, trismus (difficulty opening jaw).
53
How do you treat a quinsy?
IV Abx and incision drainage
54
In whom does a retropharyngeal abscess present in, how does it present, what is the treatment?
Children. Inability to swallow and fever. IV Abx +/- incision and drainage
55
What investigation would you do in a patient presenting with hoarseness?
Laryngoscope to assess vocal cord mobility and inspect mucosa.
56
What diagnosis does a 'weak, breathy' voice point towards? The patient is also coughing/aspirating
Vocal cord palsy
57
What treatment might you do in someone with a unilateral recurrent laryngeal nerve palsy?
May need medialisation of the vocal cords via injections. Can also do thyroplasty (alters position/length of vocal cords). Reinnervation techniques possible.
58
Where would you find a branchial cyst?
It is a smooth swelling in front of the anterior border of SCM
59
How does a thyroglossal cyst present?
Painless, smooth, cystic midline lump. Can become tender if inflamed.
60
What neck lump rises when you get the patient to stick their tongue out?
Thyroglossal cyst
61
Which gland do salivary gland stones form in most commonly?
Submandibular duct system
62
A man presents with a history of salivary gland stones. He comes in with pain and swelling on eating. What might have happened here?
Stricture formation
63
What do you use to image foreign bodies in the lungs?
Rigid bronchoscopy
64
How may a foreign body in a child's nose present?
May present late with a history of persistent offensive discharge from 1 nostril
65
How should you manage a child with a foreign body in their nose?
- Use topical anaesthetic and vasoconstrictor - Blow through the mouth whilst obstructing the unaffected nostril - Use nasal speculum and forceps - Use strong suction - Use a balloon catheter
66
Which branch of the facial nerve is responsible for lacrimation?
Greater petrosal nerve
67
Which branch of the facial nerve has been lesioned in a patient who complains of heightened sensitivity to sounds?
Branch to stapedius - lesions leads to hyperacusis
68
What does the chorda tympani do?
Provide taste to the anterior 2/3rds of the tongue
69
What treatment would you offer patients with Bell's Palsy?
Prednisolone and eye drops
70
When would you consider prescribing someone with acute rhinosinusitis (common cold) intranasal steroids (e.g. mometasone)?
If symptoms persist over 5 days.
71
How long must rhinosinusitis be present before it is considered 'chronic'?
12 weeks
72
How would you treat chronic rhinosinusitis without polyps?
Intranasal corticosteroids and nasal saline irrigation. If no improvement after 4 weeks, culture and give long-term Abx
73
Where is the most common site for nasal polyps?
Middle meatus
74
What could happen if a benign maxillary polyp prolapses to fill the nasopharynx?
``` Watery anterior rhinorrhoea Sneezing Purulent postnasal drip Nasal obstruction Sinusitis Mouth-breathing, snoring Headaches ```
75
Describe a polyp
Pale, mobile and insensitive to gentle palpation
76
Describe a turbinate
Pink, mobile and sensate
77
What are the treatment options for nasal polyps?
- Betamethasone drops - Long-term antibiotics - Endoscopic sinus surgery
78
What are the treatment options for allergic rhinosinusitis?
- Nasal saline irrigation - Antihistamines - If moderate: Intranasal corticosteroid sprays - Short-term prednisolone - Immunotherapy
79
What is Samter's triad?
Asthma, aspirin sensitivity, sinus inflammation with recurring nasal polyps
80
What may Pott's puffy tumour be a complication of?
Sinusitis
81
What treatment may be needed for a CSF leak due to an ethmoid fracture?
Patient should have 7 - 10 days of bed rest with their head elevated +/- lumbar drain Surgery is often not needed Cover with Abx and pneumococcal vaccine
82
How do septal perforations present?
They irritate, whistle, crust and bleed.
83
What are the treatment options for septal perforations?
Saline nasal irrigation Petroleum jelly to edge of perforation Septal prosthesis Septoplasty corrects a deviated nasal septum

Medicine (15 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions