ENT- allergies Flashcards
(19 cards)
what are the common type of allergies in the UK?
asthma 9.4%, allergic rhinitis 5.4%
eczema 1%
food allergies
multiple allergies
what is the cost of treating allergies in scotland?
130 million
risk factors for allergies?
Host factors are heredity, race, and age.
Environmental factors are alterations in exposure to infectious diseases during early childhood, environmental pollution, allergen levels, and dietary changes
. Occupational – flour, latex, wood dust
definitoin of allergy
Skin: Urticaria / angioedema
Upper Respiratory: Rhinitis
Lower Respiratory: Asthma
Systemic: Anaphylaxis
risk factors for allergic rhinitis
atopy, family history, 1st born Environmental factors are alterations in exposure to infectious diseases during early childhood, environmental pollution, allergen levels, and dietary changes
symptoms of allergic rhinitis
Immediate : sneezing, itch, nasal blockage, rhinorrhoea
Late : chronic obstruction, hyposmia, hyperreactivity
definition of allergy
Allergy is a hypersensitive disorder of the immune system.
what is an allergen?
antigen that causes allergic reactions
pathophysiology of type 1 / immediate hypersensitivity reaction
Sensitization
Plasma cells produce IgE
Bind to mast cells
Re-exposure
Mast cells degranulate
Release Histamine, Leukotrienes, Prostaglandins & chomotactic factors
what happens in an acute response?
Ag+ specific IgE –
degranulation with release of histamine, cytokines, interleukins, leukotrienes, and prostaglandins from their granules causing systemic effects, such as vasodilation, mucous secretion, nerve stimulation and smooth muscle contraction.
why does a late-phase response occur?
This is due to the migration of other leukocytes such as neutrophils, lymphocytes, eosinophils and macrophages to the initial site.
symptoms of an inflammatory response?
sneezing coughing wheezing runny nose weepy eyes itchiness
where does allergic rhinitis occur?
allergic inflammation of the nasal airway
what makes an allergy intermittent?
symptoms less that 4 days per week or less than 4 consecutive weeks
what makes an allergy persistent?
symptoms more than 4 days a week and over 4 consecutive weeks
what makes an allergy mild?
normal sleep
no impairment of daily activities, sport, leisure
no impairment of work and school
symptoms present but not troublesome
what makes an allergy moderate-severe?
sleep disturbance
impairement of daily activities. sport. leaser
impairement of school or work
troublesome symptoms
how would you diagnose n allergies
Skin test: responses to known allergens- high NPV, upto 15% false positives
RAST: presence and levels of allergen-specific IgE.
Total Serum IgE
Nasal Allergen Challenge
Nasal Cytology
treating allergies
Allergen avoidance- Education
Pharmacotherapy
Topical Intranasal steroids
Systemic Steroids
Antihistamines
Sodium Cromoglycate
Allergen Immunotherapy
Anti-IgE
Immunotherapy.
