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Pulmonology - OMS 2 > ENT Infections > Flashcards

ENT Infections Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the MC pathogen to cause acute otitis externa?

A

98% bacteria (p. aeruginosa & S. aureus)

some fungal (humid climates) and viral (few)

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2
Q

acute otitis externa is aka

A

swimmers ear

caused by things that remove cerumen (q-tip, scratching)

edema & cellulitis may be present
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3
Q

Key clue to otitis externa

mostly bacterial (P. aeruginosa or S. aureas)

A

tender tragus or pinna

otalgia, itching, fullness

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4
Q

Furunculosis of the outer 3rd of ear canal is caused by which organism?

A

S. aureus

causes edema, otorrhea, otalgia

viral = rare
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5
Q

Which organism causes malignant otitis media?

A

P. aeruginosa

creates biofilm, can spread to bones & brain

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6
Q

first sign that malignant otitis externa has spread to the brain

A

facial nerve palsy

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7
Q

how do you differentiat otitis externa from media?

A

pneumatic otoscopy

no movement of TM = otitis media

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8
Q

MC pathogens that cause otitis media

A
  1. bacterial
  2. viral

viral is clear & inflammed

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9
Q

otitis media: risk factors for infants (3)

6-9 months

A
  1. bottle fed
  2. smoking parents
  3. daycare
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10
Q

Tx: otitis media (4)

A
  1. amoxicillin or erythromycin
  2. tympanocentesis (immune-compromised)
  3. nasal decongestant
  4. myringotomy (extreme cases)
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11
Q

otitis media w/effusion

A

fluid in ear that won’t drain

must differentiate from AOM

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12
Q

causes of middle ear effusion

A

due to allergies or elevation changes

clear, no pain or infammation

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13
Q

chronic suppurative otitis media

A

12 weeks of persistent inflammation

all ENT infections

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14
Q

2 causes of chronic suppurative otitis media

A
  1. non treatment of AOM
  2. punctured TM

12 weeks of inflammattion

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15
Q

Cholesteatoma is caused by what?

A

eustachian tube dysfunction

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16
Q

Cholesteatoma due to eustachian tube dysfunction involves what?

process

A

negative pressure draws upper TM inward –> infection

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17
Q

Key clues: cholesteatoma (2)

A
  1. painless, foul-smelling otarrhea
  2. progressive hearing loss
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18
Q

3 types of cholesteatoma

A
  1. congenital (squamous epithelium trapped in temporal bone)
  2. primary acquired (retracted TM)
  3. secondary acquired (injured TM)
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19
Q

labyrinthitis

A

severe vertigo

follows URI

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20
Q

MS may cause sudden

A

sudden hearing loss

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21
Q

Which 5 ear complaints are seen in immunocompromised patients?

A
  1. middle (serous OM)
  2. external (fungal & kaposi’s)
  3. otitis media (jiroveci)
  4. hearing loss (Syphilis, C. neoformans)
  5. facial paralysis (herpes zoster)
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22
Q

what are the MC causes of the “common cold”?

A
  1. children: rhino
  2. adults: corona
  3. adenovirus (both)
  4. parainfluenza
  5. picorna
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23
Q

which infection causes bleeding from the eyes, ears and black necrotic eschar?

Study These Flashcards
A

mucormysosis

immune-compromised pts

24
Q

mucormycosis key histological clues (2)

Study These Flashcards
A
  1. ribbon-like hyphae
  2. branches at right angles
25
sinus infections are mostly caused by what?
obstruction/edema blocking drainage
26
Sinus infection: risk factors
1. allergic rhinitis 1. asthma 1. swimming 1. nasal obstruction (deviated septum)
27
Systemic risk factors: sinus infection
1. allergy 1. CF 1. immune compromised pt
28
symptoms > 1week, unilateral pain, purulent secretions suggests which condition?
acute sinusistis | >12 weeks = chronic
29
Histopathology will reveal which immune cells in chronic sinusitis?
1. T & B cells 1. MF 1. eosinophils
30
Why is the maxillary sinus infected the most?
biggest & drains upwards
31
Toothache from a maxillary sinusitis is referred pain from what?
trigeminal nerve
32
Where is the pain w/ehtmoiditis?
pain/pressure over high lateral wall of nose, radiating to orbit
33
sphenoid sinusitis may affect what structure?
CN 6
34
Dx of sinusistis
transillumination: negative if you can see light in mouth | (viral will be negative)
35
tx for sinusitis (3)
1. irrigation 1. nasal decongestants 1. abx
36
MC viral causes of sinusitis
1. adenovirus 1. parainfluenza 1. rhino
37
4 MC causes of fungal sinusistis
1. mucor 1. rhizopus 1. fusarium 1. aspergillus
38
complications of fungal sinusitis
1. osteomyelitis 1. mucocele
39
middle ear infections are usually due to what?
pharyngitis that migrates to eustachian tube
40
how does cerumen protect from ear infection?
sticky, acidic inhibit bacterial growth
41
Describe S. pyogenes colonies
small, pin-point
42
Moraxella Catarrhalis colonizes the nasopharyngeal respiratory tract and spreads via
LPS buds out w/B-lactamsase, phospholipids & adhesins
43
What are the 3 types of bordetella?
1. B. Pertussis 1. B. parapertussis 1. B. bronchosepticus
44
Which bordetella species causes whooping cough in children?
B. pertussis
45
Which bordetella species only infects immunocompromised humans?
bronchosepticus | related to kennel cough in dogs
46
tx for bordetella pertussis
erythromycin | prevented w/D-Tap + 10 year booster
47
otomycosis aka "tropical ear" sx (2)
1. pruritis 1. thick otorrhea (black, green, white) (aspergillus or candida)
48
AOE tx (2)
1. gentamicin 1. hydrocortisone drops
49
malignant OE dx
1. ESR 1. CRP 1. CT/MRI
50
Sx acute otitis externa (4)
1. otalgia 1. itching 1. fullness 1. hearing loss | **abrupt onset; same as AOM**
51
Otitis media sx (3) | **abrupt onset**
1. irritability 1. otorrhea 1. fever | otalgia, also
52
Common cold sx (5) | 80% viral
1. sneezing 1. sore throat 1. fever 1. cough 1. headache
53
Which cells are infected by rhinovirus
nasal epithelium
54
How do nasal epithelial cells fight back against rhinovirus (2)?
1. histamine 1. IFN
55
What are the symptoms humans feel due to the histamine and IFN released from nasal epithelial cells response to rhinovirus?
* histamine: secretions * IFN: muscle aches, fever, malaise
56
How is rhinovirus cleared?
IgA

Pulmonology - OMS 2 (28 decks)

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