Entomology Midterm #1 Flashcards
Lectures 1-7
1
Q
members of class Chelierata
A
spiders, ticks, scorpions
2
Q
members of class Diplopoda
A
millipedes (2 pairs of legs per segment)
3
Q
members of class Chilopoda
A
centipedes
4
Q
members of class crustacea
A
lobster, crabs, crayfish, shrimp, barnacles
5
Q
what is chitin
A
long chain of polymer of N-acetyl-glucosamine, a derivative of glucose
6
Q
what is the ventral nerve cord
A
numerous ganglia along cord and associated with segments
7
Q
what is an apterygote
A
a wingless insect
8
Q
what are the three body regions
A
head, thorax, abdomen
9
Q
what type of circulatory system do insects have
A
open - haemocoel
10
Q
how do insects breath
A
with a spiracle/ tracheal system
11
Q
describe the nervous system of insects
A
complex nervous system with a fair degree of encephalization
12
Q
what is the chitinous cuticle reinforced with
A
proteins to form muscle attachments
13
Q
what is an exopterygota
A
an insect that develops wings externally
14
Q
what is an endopterygote
A
an insect that develops its wings internally
15
Q
what is order dermaptera
A
earwigs
16
Q
what is order Isoptera
A
termites
17
Q
what is order mantoidea
A
mantids
18
Q
what is order blattodea
A
cockroaches
19
Q
what is order Hemiptera
A
true bugs
20
Q
what is order Homoptera
A
cicadas, hoppers, aphids
21
Q
what is order Coleoptera
A
beetles
22
Q
what is order Hymenoptera
A
ants, bees, wasps
23
Q
what is order Lepidoptera
A
butterflies and moths
24
Q
what is order diptera
A
true flies
25
what mouth parts does a grasshopper have
chewing mouthparts
26
what mouthparts do order Lepidoptera have
coiled proboscis used to siphon nectar when extended
27
how many ganglion are in the head
5 ganglion per section
28
how many ganglion are in the thorax
3 ganglion
29
what is the purpose of ganglia in the abdominal section
to connect each leg and nerves
30
what are the 5 head appendages
antennae, labrum, mandibles, maxillae, labium
31
what are the four mouthparts derived from legs
labrum, mandibles, maxillae, and labium
32
what does the head capsule house
brain, mouth opening, mouthparts, and major sense organs (antennae, compound eyes, and ocelli)
33
what head appendages are posterior to the mouth and what is anterior to the mouth
labium, mandibles, maxillae, and labium are posterior and hypopharynx is anterior
34
what is plesiomorphic
mandibulate or chewing mouthparts (400 million years ago) with mandibles operating side-to-side
35
what is apomorphic
adaptation to ingesting solid food, filtering particulates from water, siphoning liquid foods and sponging liquid foods; includes haustellate mouthparts
36
what are the three different mouthpart positionings
hypothagnous, prothagnous, opistothagnous
37
what is hypothagnous
downwards directed mouthparts
38
what is prothagnous
forward facing mouthparts
39
what is opistothagnous
mouthparts are directed posteriorly
40
lacinia function
has teeth on inner edge to aid with chewing
41
what covers Lacinia when mouth closed
galea
42
what is a palpus used for
feeling
43
what is a palp
a segmented extension
44
what is an axillary palp
a small feeler-like structure arising from the maxilla
45
function of axillary palp
sensory function
46
what is a labium
the so-called lower lip, fused along the midline
47
what are the segments of the labium
glossa and paraglossa
48
what is a labial palp
one of a pair of small feeler-like structures arising from the labium
49
what is the cibarium
food cavity
50
what is the cibarium between
labrum and hypopharynx
51
what is the preoral cavity created by
Labrum, Cyprus, and labium
52
two major types of mouthparts
mandibulate and haustellate
53
what is mandibulate mouthparts
chewing and biting. generally mix saliva with food to aid swallowing
54
what is haustellate mouthparts
primarily used for "sucking up" liquids
55
what are coiled proboscis made up of
elongated galea of 2 maxillae
56
how many eyes do insects have
three simple ocelli and two larger compound eyes
57
what are stemmata
groups of lateral ocelli when compound eyes absent
58
what do ocelli not do
they do not form images. light sensing only
59
what is a biconvex
cuticular lens to transmit light to sensory cells beneath
60
structure of compound eyes
hundreds of hexagonal facets facing slightly different directions from its neighbours
61
how is a facet connected to the brain
each facet has its own optic nerve
62
do compound eyes produce images
On their own they do not produce images. Each facet generates information on colour and intensity of light
63
how is quality of image determined with compound eyes
determined by resolution (number of facets) of the eye and the insects distance
64
disadvantages of compound light
cannot find a mate using visual cues alone and poor images at a distance
65
two types of compound eyes
apposition and superposition
66
difference between apposition and superposition eyes
An apposition eye is well suited for vision in bright light, whilst superposition eyes are typically found amongst nocturnal insects
67
generalized form of antennae
filament
68
what is a setaceous antennae
bristlelike, with segments becoming thinner distally (e.g., dragonfly, cockroach)
69
what is a filiform antennae
threadlike, with segments uniform in size. Typically, cylindrical (e.g., ground beetle)
70
what is a moniliform antennae
similar to a string of beads, with segments (spherical) of similar size. (e.g., termite)
71
what is a serrate antennae
saw-like. segments more are less triangular, especially in the distal portion (e.g., click beetle)
72
what is a clubbed antennae
there are several types of clubbed antennae. the segments increase in diameter distally
73
what are the three types of clubbed antennae
lamellate, capitate, and clavate
74
what is a geniculate antennae
elbowed, where the first segment is long and the following segments are smaller and at an angle (e.g., ant)
75
what is a plumose antennae
feathery. most segments have whorls of log hair attached (e.g., male mosquito)
76
what is an aristate antennae
the final segment is typically enlarged and has a conspicuous dorsal bristle known as the arista. (e.g., syrphid fly)
77
what is a stylite antennae
the last segment has an elongate terminal finger-like process, known as the style (e.g., robber fly)
78
what is a pectinate antennae
comb-like. most flagellar segments with long, slender lateral processes (e.g., fire coloured beetle)
79
what function do antennae serve
strictly sensory
80
what function do mechanoreceptors have
detecting movement in the environment. provides sensory input about the position or orientation of the body and its appendages
81
what are mechanoreceptors innervated by
sensory neurons which fire when bent, stretched, compressed, or vibrated
82
how do mechanoreceptors respond during deformation
a charge from the nerve cell to the insect brain.
83
where are mechanoreceptors commonly found
on legs, mouthparts, and antennae
84
what is a chemoreceptor
a taste receptor
85
what do chemoreceptors respond to
to chemicals occurring on solid surfaces or in aqueous substrates, found on mouthparts, tarsae, antennae
86
what are olfactory receptors
usually thin-walled pegs, cones, or plates with numerous pores or slits through which airborne molecules diffuse.
87
what can olfactory receptors sense
low concentrations of compounds (i.e., sex pheromones)
88
where is the Johnston's organ located
base on antennae, usually on pedicel
89
what are the two functions of a Johnston's organ
proprioceptor and movement sound detector
90
what does a proprioceptor do
responds to movements of antennal flagellum and provides information about amount of air passing over it
and responsible for maintaining the insect’s sense of balance and orientation, especially during flight
91
what are the three segments of an insect thorax
prothorax, mesothorax, metathorax
92
what sections have wings on them
mesothorax and metathorax
93
what does each thoracic segment have
dorsal term, ventral sternum, and two lateral pleura
94
what is the coxa in an insects leg
the basal segment of the insect leg
95
what is the trochanter of an insects leg
leg segment between coxa and femur.
96
what is the femur of a insects leg
the third leg segment, comparable to human thigh bone
97
what is the tibia of an insect leg
the fourth leg segment, or “shin”
98
what is the tarsus of an insect leg
part of the leg beyond the tibia (~foot)
99
what does the tarsus consist of
several small joints, the last of which generally carries a pair of terminal claws
100
what is the arolium
a pad-like organ extended between the claws
101
in most flies what is the arolium replaced by
stout central bristle called the empodium
102
what are two additional pads called
pulvilli or pulvillus
103
what is venation
a system of thickened lines in the wings
104
what is the principal distinguishing factor in the hierarchy of insects
wings
105
what happens when front wings are thick (in Coleoptera)
protect both hind wings and body
106
what pair of wings are the flying wings
the hind wings
107
what are wings like in Hymenoptera
both pairs of wings are kept together with a hook like structure so that both wings act like one and flaps are more powerful
108
what are wings like in Lepidoptera
covered with tiny scales; scales are coloured or refract the light to produce pattern
109
what is a frenulum
Bristle near base of hind wing that holds front and hind wings together; found in Lepidoptera
110
what is a jugum
a lobe on the forewing of some moths which interlocks with the hind wing in flight
111
paleopterous wings
fold wings over back, lack third axillary sclerite and pleural wing folding muscle
112
how does flapping flight work in Odonata
flap both pairs of wings separately with the two pairs beating in opposite phase and are capable of flying in any direction without turning their bodies
113
what is articulation
wing flexing (folding), allows for protection and improved flight (rowing)
114
what does a reduction in wing weight lead to
loss of venation
115
what order has one pair of wings accosted with flight
coleoptera
116
what orders have a single pair of wings
diptera and strepsiptera
117
what orders have jointed wings
Lepidoptera and Hymenoptera
118
where are the wings attached to the tergum
"hinges"
118
what is the difference between diptera and strepsiptera
diptera has mesothoracic wings and strepsiptera have metathoracic wings
119
how does the direct muscle system affect wing flapping
when the inner muscles contract, the wings rotate about their hinges and flap upward. when the outer muscles contract, the wings are pulled downward again
120
how does the indirect muscle system affect wing flapping
the dorsoventral muscles contract to raise the wings. the tergum is lowered and the wings rotate about the outer hinges. the longitudinal muscles, running along the length of the thorax, contract to lower the wings. the tergum is forced upwards again, and the wings rotate in the opposite way about the outer hinges
121
what is the living layer of an insect cuticle
row of epithelial cells which are supported on a non-cellular basement membrane.
122
what separates the exoskeleton from the haemocoel
the membrane layer of epithelial cells
123
what are microtrichia
tiny hair-like structures on surface of cuticle
124
what is a trichogen cell
specialized epidermal cell that produces the shaft of a sensory hair
125
what is a tormogen cell
specialized epidermal cell that produces the socket of a sensory hair
126
generalized epidermal cells can differentiate into:
trichigen cells, tormogen cells, and dermal glands
127
generalized epidermal cells can differentiate into...
nerve cells supplying mechanoreceptors,
glial cells enveloping nerve cells, glandular cells, and oenocytes
128
what do glandular cells secrete
pheromones, defensive secretions, and wax
129
what are the two layers of the procuticle
exocuticle and endocuticle
130
what are the three layers of the epicuticle
cuticulin, wax layer, and cement layer
131
what are scales
flattened macrosetae that have evolved independently in several lineages
131
what are additional functions of bristles and scales
insulation, temperature regulation, sound absorption, chemical dispersal
132
how does colouration happen
either through pigmentation or physical interference (structural colouration)
133
what pigments are synthesized by the insect
melanin, monochromes, pterins, quinones
134
what pigments are acquired through diet
carotenoids and flavonoids
135
what are the structural colours
blue, whites, and all metallic, iridescent and opalescent
136
what are the two canals
dermal gland canals and pore and wax canals
137
where does the dermal gland canals go to
epidermis to surface
138
where do pore canals go to
epidermis to wax layer of epicuticle
139
what is apolysis
separation of epidermal cells from the inner surface of the old endocuticle (=formation of the subcuticular space)
140
epicuticle formation
cuticulin is laid down below the moulting gel and above the epidermis. next, the inner protein epicuticle is deposited just inside the cuticulin (chemically stabilized)
141
where are chitin microfilaments formed
beneath inner epicuticle
142
what is the process of insect moulting
1) apolysis
2) epicuticle formation
3) new procuticle deposition
4) ecdysis
5) procuticle expansion
6)hardening ad darkening
7) endocuticle deposition
143
when are ecdysial lines formed
formed in the cuticle that have little or no exocuticle.
144
what it old cuticle called
exuvium
145
what happens to eyes during a moult
the visual acuity is reduced during days before moult but it is then reestablished shortly after moulting
146
what happens during moulting
body lacks skeletal support, body maintained by muscle tone, susceptible to desiccation
147
do insects have regenerative powers
limited. if a leg is lost it will reappear during next moult
148
what is molting controlled by
one set of neurosecretory cells in the brain that stimulate corpora allata (small glands behind the brain) to produce juvenile hormone (JH)
149
what do prothoracic glands procduce
ecdysteroids (moulting hormones)
150
large amount of JH left after moult create
larva
151
small amount of JH left after moult create
pupa
152
no JH left after moult creates
adult
153
three functional regions of the digestive system
foregut, midgut, hindgut
154
what is the foregut called
stomodeum
155
what is the midgut called
mesenteron
156
what is the hindgut called
proctodeum
157
what happens in the midgut
digestive enzymes are produced and secreted, digestion occurs and absorption of nutrients
158
what happens in the hindgut
accepts waste from gut and Malpighian tubules, reabsorbs nutrients and water, and excretes waste
159
what is the intima
a lining of cuticle in the foregut and hindgut
160
what does the intima do
protects gut and regulates movement into and out of the gut
161
how may preliminary digestion occur in crop
salivary enzymes brought in with food, or midgut enzymes regurgitated
