1. Family in poverty 2. Child grows up in poverty 3. Is significantly disadvantaged in education and skills 4. Struggles to get a job 5. Fail to escape the poverty cycle

Envi sci Flashcards by Jm Pintin

refers to the number of individuals
living in a particular area from a village
to the whole world

Population

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Total population now

8.1 billion

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Population growth causes poverty and
environmental degradation

True

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British Philosopher & Economist
Author

Thomas Malthus

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Book of Thomas Malthus

An Essay on the Principle of
Population

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According to him , human populations would
outstrip their food supply and
collapse into starvation, crime,
and misery.

Thomas Malthus

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According to him, populations would continue to
expand until growth is stopped
or reversed by disease, famine,
war or calamity.

Thomas Malthus

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Occurs when population growth outpaces agricultural production, causing famine or war, resulting in poverty and depopulation.

Malthusian catastrophe

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A German Philosopher, Father of Communism

Karl Marx

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According to him, population growth results from
poverty, resource depletion,
pollution, and other social ills.

Karl Marx

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According to him, to slow population growth,
people must be treated justly,
and exploitation and oppression
be eliminated from social
arrangements

Karl Marx

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The Poverty Cycle

Family in poverty
Child grows up in poverty
Is significantly disadvantaged in education and skills
Struggles to get a job
Fail to escape the poverty cycle

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Mathematical Biologist
Populations Professor
Rockefeller University, New York

Joel Cohen

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He estimated the maximum human
population size the planet can
sustain.

Joel Cohen

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based on his studies, the earth’s
carrying capacity has median
value of 10–12 billion

Joel Cohen

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Professor Emeritus of Agricultural
Sciences, Entomology & Ecology
Cornell University

David Pimentel

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“By 2100, if current trends
continue, twelve billion
miserable humans will
suffer a difficult life on
Earth.”

David Pimentel

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Food supplies have increased faster than
population growth since Malthus’ time

True(sa optimist)

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progress in agricultural productivity, engineering,
information technology, commerce, medicine,
sanitation, and other achievements of modern life
have made it possible to support approximately
1,000 times as many people per unit area as was
possible 10,000 years ago

True(sa optimist hehe)

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The impact of human activities
measured in terms of the area
of biologically productive land
and water, required to produce
the goods consumed and to
assimilate the wastes
generated.

Ecological Footprint

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the land and water area
we use and
NEEDED TO PRODUCE THE RESOURCES
to absorb our
wastes

footprint = DEMAND

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the amount of biologically productive
resources we use
our
AREA AVAILABLE TO PROVIDE THE
and to absorb
waste

biocapacity = SUPPLY

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The capacity of ecosystems to produce useful biological materials and to absorb waste materials generated by humans

Biocapacity

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Biocapacity < footprint

Ecological Debtor / Ecological Deficit

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Biocapacity > footprint

Ecological Creditor/Ecological Reserve

Professor University of Maryland

Julian Simon

He said people are the ultimate resource

Julian Simon

According to him, no evidence shows that pollution, crime, unemployment, crowding, the loss of species, or any other resource limitations will worsen with population growth.

Julian Simon

Danish Economist

Ester Boserup

According to him, an increase in population would stimulate technologies to increase food production

Ester Boserup

The mother of invention

Necessity

In times of pressure, people will find ways to increase food production by increasing the workforce, machinery, and fertilizers.

Boserup’s Theory

Birth rate is relatively higher than mortality rate

True

5 children every second 1-2 dies

True

2.5 humans per second average

True

how many people are added per year

around 75 million at 1.1% global rate

Was the most populous country throughout the twentieth century;

China

Is expected to pass China in the twenty-first century

India

which had only 33 million residents in 1950, is forecast to have 299 million in 2050

Nigeria

The physical ability to reproduce

Fecundity

The actual production of offspring

Fertility

The number of births in a year per thousand persons

Crude Birth Rate

The number of children born to an average woman in a population during her entire reproductive life

Total fertility rate

Births plus immigration in a population is equal to the deaths plus emigration.

Zero Population Growth

In most tribal or traditional societies, food shortages, health problems, and cultural practices limit total fertility to about 6 or 7 children per woman, even without modern methods of birth control.

True

In most tribal or traditional societies, food shortages, health problems, and cultural practices limit total fertility to about 6 or 8 children per woman, even without modern methods of birth control.

False

Fertility rates have declined dramatically (which has something to do with modernization) except in Africa over the past 50 years.

In brazil, true

The median age in Europe right now is

41.7 years

In Sub-Saharan Africa the median age is about .

17 years

The average family in Mexico in 1975, for instance, had 7 children. By 2010, however, the average Mexican woman had only ____ ...

2.3 children

Similarly, in Iran, total fertility fell from 6.5 in 1975 to ___ in 2010.

2.04 children

China’s one-child-per-family policy decreased the fertility rate from 6 in 1970 to ____ in 2010.

1.7 children

Are expressed in terms of the number of deaths per thousand persons in any given year.

Crude death rates

Countries in Africa where health care and sanitation are limited may have mortality rates of _____ per 1,000 people

20 or more, Africa

Wealthier Countries have mortality rates of around

10 per 1000

Lower Crude death rate country

Brazil

Crude death rate in Brazil

6 per 1000

Denmark crude death rate

12 per 1000

The number of deaths in a population is sensitive to the population’s age structure

True

Is the average age that a newborn infant can be expected to attain in any given society.

Life expectancy

Is the oldest age to which a species is known to survive.

Life span

The oldest age that can be certified by written records was that of

Jeanne Louise Calment

Jeanne Louise Calment's age

122 years old

Where Jeanne Louise Calment lives?

Arles, France

Jeanne Louise Calment's year of death

1997

The French supercentenarian

Jeanne Louise Calment

✔ For most of human history, life expectancy in most societies probably was

35 to 40 years

The average life expectancy rose from about _______ years over the past 100 years.

40 to 67.2 years

✔ The 20th century saw a global transformation in human health unmatched in history.

True

The greatest progress was in .

Developing countries

Longer lives were due primarily to better nutrition, improved sanitation, clean water, and education, rather than to miracle drugs or high-tech medicine.

True

Affect decisions about family size, which in turn affects the population at large.

social and economic pressures

Factors that increase people’s desires to have babies are called

Pronatalist pressures

Male pride often is linked to having as many children as possible.

True

Often result in decisions to limit childbearing.

Higher education and personal freedom for women

A desire to spend time and money on other goods and activities offsets the desire to have children

True

✔ Education and socioeconomic status are usually ______ to fertility in richer countries.

inversely related

In some developing countries, however, fertility initially increases as educational levels and socioeconomic status rise.

True

The ______ in the 1930s made it economically difficult for families to have children, and birth rates were low.

Great Depression

followed World War II, as couples were reunited, and new families started

baby boom

American Demographer Founding Director, Office of Population Research

Frank Notestein

He pointed out that a typical pattern of falling death rates and birth rates due to improved living conditions usually accompanies economic development (1945)

Frank Notestein

Explain connections between population growth and economic development

Demographic Transition Model

Total fertility dropped by more than half in 20 years.

In Thailand, China, and Colombia,

All have seen fertility rates fall by 30 to 40 percent in a single generation

Morocco, Jamaica, Peru, and Mexico

One of the most successful family planning advances in recent years has been in ____, a predominantly Muslim country.

Iran

That accompany development reduce the need and desire for large families in most countries

Growing prosperity, urbanization, and social reforms

Is available to bring advances to the developing world, and the rate of technology exchange is much faster today

Technology

___________________ have historic patterns to follow. They can benefit from the mistakes of more developed countries and chart a course to stability relatively quickly.

Less-developed countries

Provide information about the benefits of and methods for social change.

Modern communications

Allows couples to determine the number and spacing of their children

Family planning

Gives us many more options for controlling fertility than were available to our ancestors

Modern medicine

Vaccines for women are being developed and injections for men are focused on reducing sperm production

True

Not only prevents pregnancy, but it also reduces pregnancy-related morbidity and mortality, and reproductive cancers

Contraception

Suggests that world population might stabilize below 8 billion by 2050.

Low projection

Shows a population of about 9.4 billion in 35 years,

Medium projection

Shows that the population would reach nearly 12 billion by midcentury.

High projection

Successful family planning programs often require significant societal changes

✔ improved social, educational, and economic status for women (birth control and women’s rights are often linked) ✔ the knowledge, availability, and use of effective and acceptable means of birth control ✔ acceptance of calculated choice as a valid element in life in general and in fertility in particular (the belief that we have no control over our lives discourages a sense of responsibility) ✔ improved status for children (fewer children are born if they are not needed as a cheap labor source) ✔ social security and political stability that give people the means and the confidence to plan for the future

Nearly half the world population lives in countries where the total fertility rate is at or close to the replacement rate

True

The world reaching 8 billion is a catastrophe

False

After 2080s is a

plateau

the global population was growing peaked back in ____

1964

Envi sci Flashcards

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