envi toxi Flashcards
kapoy basta (145 cards)
1
Q
lethal smog that covered the city of London for five days, from December 5 to December 9, in 1952
A
Great Smog of London
2
Q
was caused by the consumption of fish and shellfish contaminated by methylmercury compound discharged from a chemical plant.
A
Minamata Disease
3
Q
result of a flawed reactor design that was operated with inadequately trained personnel (went out of control during a test at low-power, leading to an explosion and fire that demolished the reactor building and released large amounts of radiation into the atmosphere.)
A
Chernobyl
4
Q
basic principles of toxicology
A
(1) mechanism of exposure ; (2) toxicological effects
5
Q
deals with the effects of chemicals found in the
workplace
A
occupational toxicology
6
Q
OSHA stands for
A
Occupational Safety and Health Administration
7
Q
“safe” chemical exposure limits for workers
A
OSHA
8
Q
PEL stands for?
A
Permissible Exposure Limits (PELs)
9
Q
standards for specific materials of particularly serious toxicity
A
PEL
10
Q
deals with the deleterious impact of chemical pollutants
in the environment, on living organisms.
A
environmental toxicology/ecotoxicology
11
Q
toxic effects of chemical and physical agent on populations
and communities of living organisms within defined ecosystems
A
environmental toxicology/ecotoxicology
12
Q
ability of chemical agent to cause injury/disease in a given situation or
setting; potential to cause harm
A
hazard
13
Q
Likelihood that a hazard will cause harm
A
risk
14
Q
routes of exposure (in order, for INDUSTRIAL)
A
inhalational > transdermal > oral (ITO)
15
Q
An exposure to a toxic substance that is absorbed by the target human or animal results in a ____
A
dose
16
Q
single exposure or multiple
exposure over a BRIEF period of time
A
acute exposure
17
Q
single or multiple exposure over a LONGER period of time
A
chronic exposure
18
Q
hierarchy of controls (from MOST effective to LEAST effective)
A
elimination > substitution > engineering controls > administrative controls > PPE
19
Q
physically remove the hazard
A
elimination
20
Q
replace the hazard
A
substitution
21
Q
isolate people from the hazard
A
engineering controls
22
Q
change the way people work
A
administratice control
23
Q
protect the worker with ___
A
PPE
24
Q
concentrates the chemical in organisms higher on the food chain
A
biomagnification
25
Colorless, tasteless, odorless and non-irritating gas
Byproduct of incomplete combustion
teratogenic potential
carbon monoxide
26
CO affinity ____x oxygen
220
27
clinical effects of CO
* Symptoms of hypoxia
* Psychomotor impairment
* Headache and tightness in the temporal area
* Confusion and loss of visual acuity
* Tachycardia, tachypnea, syncope, and coma
* Deep coma, convulsions, shock and respiratory
failure
28
first step treatment for CO exposure
remove from source
29
specific antagonist for CO
oxygen
30
____ concentrations of oxygen for a ____ amount of time only
high, short
31
* Colorless irritant gas
* Generated primarily by the combustion of sulfur-containing fossil fuel
* The principal source of is the burning of coal, domestic heating, high-sulfur transportation
and coal-fired power plants
Sulfur Dioxide (SO2)
32
high solubility of SO2 in moist membranes forms ____
sulfurous acid
33
severe irritant on the eyes, mucous membranes,
respiratory tract and skin
Sulfur dioxide
34
90% of inhaled form is absorbed in the ____
Respiratory tract causing ____
upper ; acute irritant asthma
35
clinical effects of SO2
eye, nose and throat irritation,
reflex
bronchoconstriction and increased bronchial
secretions
May initiate or exacerbate Bronchial Asthma
Delayed-onset pulmonary edema
36
* Brownish irritant gas associated with fires
* Farmers exposed to fresh silage
* Miners exposed to diesel equipment
* automobile and truck traffic emissions
Nitrogen oxides (NO2)
37
Relatively insoluble deep lung irritan
NO2
38
Inhalation damages the ___ infrastructure
that produces the surfactant necessary to
allow smooth and low-effort lung alveolar
expansion
(organ ang sagot)
lung
39
Silo-Filler’s Disease
NO2
40
Non-allergic Asthma
NO2
41
Twitchy-Airway dse.
NO2
42
acute clinical effects of NO2
Irritation of eyes and nose,
cough,
mucoid or
frothy sputum production,
dyspnea and chest pain;
Pulmonary edema,
fibrotic destruction of terminal bronchioles
43
chronic clinical effect of NO2
emphysematous changes
44
* Bluish irritant gas naturally
found in the earth’s
atmosphere
Ozone (O3)
45
* Burning of fossil fuel
* Emitted from power
plants, motor vehicles
and other sources of high
heat compounds
Ozone
46
* high-voltage electrical
equipment and air and
water purification systems
* agriculture
Ozone
47
irritant of mucous membranes
Ozone
48
Produces upper respiratory tract irritation
to deep lung irritation with pulmonary
edema
Ozone
49
Formation of reactive free radicals
Ozone
50
Shallow, rapid breathing and decrease in pulmonary compliance
Ozone
51
Irritation and dryness to throat, changes to
visual acuity, substernal pain and dyspnea, ARDS
Ozone, acute effects
52
Chronic Bronchitis, Bronchiolitis, Emphysema
Ozone, Chronic effect
53
54
2 kinds of solvents
(1) Halogenated Aliphatic Hydrocarbons
(2) Aromatic Hydrocarbons
55
"Halohydrocarbons"
Halogenated Aliphatic Hydrocarbons
56
found in industrial solvents, degreasing agents and
cleaning agents
Halogenated Aliphatic Hydrocarbons
57
Carbon tetrachloride, trichloroethylene, chloroform,
tetrachloroethylene and 1,1,1-trichloroethane are examples of?
Halogenated Aliphatic Hydrocarbons
58
Most are classified as known or probable human carcinogens
Halogenated Aliphatic Hydrocarbons
59
______, a fluorinated aliphatic, causes severe
damage in the ozone
Freon
60
renal, prostate and testicular cancer
Halogenated Aliphatic Hydrocarbons
61
CNS depression, kidney injury, liver injury,
cardiotoxicity, arrythmia
Halogenated Aliphatic Hydrocarbons
62
Chronic Exposure in the Workplace: Impaired
memory, peripheral neuropathy
Halogenated Aliphatic Hydrocarbons
63
3 aromatic hydrocarbons
Benzene
Toluene
Xylene
64
component of gasoline
benzene
65
CNS Depression, Nausea, Euphoria,
Locomotor Problems and Coma; Vertigo, Drowsiness and
Headache
benzene, acute exposure
66
Bone Marrow Injury (Aplastic Anemia,
Leukopenia, Pancytopenia, Thrombocytopenia...)
benzene, chronic exposure
(basta myelotoxic)
67
Pluripotent Bone Marrow Stem Cells
benzene
68
potent clastogen
benzene
69
"methylbenzene"
toluene
70
paint thinners, nail polish remover, glues, and correction fluid; explosives
toluene
71
T/F: toluene has myelotoxic properties
False. Wala.
72
CNS depressant, skin and eye irritant, fetotoxic
toluene
73
Associated with rapid loss of consciousness, severe fatigue, ataxia
toluene
74
"dimethylbenzene"
Xylene
75
Colorless, sweet-smelling agent
xylene
kasi xweet.
76
Substitute for benzene in solvent degreasing
operations
xylene
77
T/F: Xylene has no myelotoxic properties.
True.
78
CNS depressant, skin irritant
xylene
79
4 kinds of pesticides
(1) organochlorine pesticides
(2) organophosphorus pesticides
(3) carbamate pesticides
(4) botanical pesticides
80
Aryl, carbocyclic or heterocyclic compounds with chlorine substituents
organochlorine pesticides
81
4 classes of organochlorine pesticides
* DDT (chlorphenothane) and analogs,
* Benzenehexachlorides
* Cyclodienes
* Toxaphenes
82
Known endocrine disruptors in humans and animals
organochlorine pesticides
83
used in domestic mosquito elimination in malaria-infested regions of Africa
DDT
84
interfere with inactivation of the
sodium channel in excitable membranes
organochlorine pesticides
85
cause rapid repetitive firing in most neurons
organochlorine pesticides
86
inhibits calcium ion transport
organochlorine pesticides
87
first manifestation of DDT
tremor
88
do organochlorine pesticides have carcinogenic potential?
yes, but more long-term studies are required
89
Used against large variety of pests
organophosphorus pesticides
90
Based on warfare chemicals like sarin, soman, and tabun
organophosphorus pesticides
91
how do organophosphorus pesticides enter the system
Either via direct contact or via plant systemics
92
organophosphorus pesticides are absorbed via ___ (3)
skin
respiratory tract
GI tract
93
In the environment, this is not considered a persistent pesticide
organophosphorus pesticides
94
inhibition of acetylcholinesterase through
phosphorylation of the esteratic state
organophosphorus pesticides
95
clinical manifestation of organophosphorus pesticides
M-U-D-D-L-E-S
miosis
urination
diarrhea
diaphoresis
lacrimation
excitation of the CNS
salivation
96
If not reversed, patients will develop neuromuscular
transmission failure – cardiorespiratory failure, weakness of respiratory muscles and death
organophosphorus pesticides
97
specific treatment, useful antagonists for organophosphorus pesticides
physostigmine
pralidoximine
98
4 environmental pollutants
(1) Polychlorinated and Polybrominated Biphenyls
(2)Perfluorinated Compounds
(3) Endocrine Disruptors
(4) Asbestos
99
Highly halogenated biphenyl compound
Polychlorinated and Polybrominated Biphenyls
100
Used for insulation, fire retardancy
Polychlorinated and Polybrominated Biphenyls
101
main source of PCB in humans
food
102
Potent endocrine disruptors; associated with reproductive
and teratogenic effects on animal studies
Polychlorinated and Polybrominated Biphenyls
103
Coolant materials in air-conditioning systems
Perfluorinated Compounds (PFCs)
104
Used as oxygen-carrying materials in clinical studies
Perfluorinated Compounds (PFCs)
105
Used as heat-, stain-, and stick-resistant coatings for cookware, fabrics and other materials (i.e. Teflon)
Perfluorinated Compounds (PFCs)
106
Had deleterious effect in the ozone layer of the
atmosphere
Perfluorinated Compounds (PFCs)
107
How are PFCs absorbed in humans
ingestion, inhalation
108
PFCs human half life
3 years
109
Potent endocrine disruptor
Perfluorinated Compounds (PFCs)
110
Long-term adverse effect on reproductive function, cellular proliferation and other cellular homeostatic
mechanisms
Perfluorinated Compounds (PFCs)
111
proliferation of breast cancer cells; renal, ovarian, prostate and Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma
Perfluorinated Compounds (PFCs)
112
cholesterol and uric acid abnormalities
Perfluorinated Compounds (PFCs)
113
polymer fume fever
Perfluorinated Compounds (PFCs)
114
Mimic, enhance or inhibit a hormonal
action
endocrine disruptors
115
Estrogen-like or antiandrogenic
effects; some affect thyroid functions
endocrine disruptors
116
Includes plant constituents like
phytoestrogens, mycoestrogens
endocrine disruptors
117
Synthetic forms are industrial chemicals, persistent organochlorine agents (DDT), PCBs and brominated flame retardants
endocrine disruptors
118
Widely used in industry for over 100 years
asbestos
119
progressive fibrotic lung diseases, lung cancer, mesothelioma
asbestos
120
asbestos has synergistic effect with _____(2)
(1) cigarette smoking
(2) exposure to radon daughters
121
metals (3)
(1) Beryllium
(2) Cadmium
(3) Nanomaterials
122
Light alkaline metal used in ceramics and alloys; computers; dental equipment;
devices that requires hardening like missile ceramic nose cones
and heat shield tiles in space vehicles
beryllium
123
beryllium route
inhalational
124
known human carcinogen (class 1)
*metals ito*
beryllium, cadmium
125
Acute Beryllium Disease and Chronic Beryllium Disease
beryllium
126
progressive pulmonary fibrosis
beryllium
127
light alkaline metal
beryllium
128
transition metal
cadmium
129
Found in nickel cadmium batteries, pigments, low-melting
point eutectic materials; in solder; in television phospors; and in plating operations; semiconductors and plastics
cadmium
130
cadmium route
inhalation, ingestion
131
cadmium fume fever
cadmium
132
Chronic exposure may lead to progressive pulmonary fibrosis,
renal failure
cadmium
133
Any material, natural or manufactured, bearing a size of at least one dimension that lies between ___ to
____ nm in size
*material, size*
nanomaterials ; 1-100 nm
134
nanomaterials' routes of exposure
inhalational, oral, dermal, parenteral
135
Can cross cellular membranes, penetrate nuclear material and genetic information
nanomaterials
136
kidney toxicity
silica
137
hepatocellular damage
zinc oxide
138
cytotoxic in humans
multiwalled carbon nanotubes
139
toxic to lungs and other organs
*nanomaterial*
titanium dioxide
140
IARC stands for ____
International Agency for
Research on Cancer
141
IARC classification, group 1
carcinogenic to humans
142
IARC classification, group 2A
probably carcinogenic to humans
143
IARC classification, group 2B
possibly carcinogenic to humans
144
IARC classification, group 3
not classifiable as to their carcinogenicity to humans
145
IARC classification, group 4
probably not carcinogenic to humans
