Environment And Biodiversity

Question 0

When was biological diversity consolidated as a concept?

Answer 0

1970s and early 1980s

Question 1

What is biological diversity?

Answer 1

Variability among living organisms from all sources

Question 2

What was biodiversity originally called?

Answer 2

‘Number of species present’

Question 3

What 3 levels is biodiversity considered at?

Answer 3

1. Organismal (I.e species diversity)
2. Ecological (community) biodiversity or functional diversity
3. Genetic Diversity

Question 4

Myers et al (2000) incentivised ‘biodiversity hotspots’ what are these?

Answer 4

Exceptional concentrations of endemic species that are undergoing exception loss of habitat

Question 5

Give an example of a biodiversity hotspot?

Answer 5

44% of all species of vascular plants and 35% in four vertebrate groups are concentrated to 25 hotspots comprising only 1.4% of the land surface of earth

Question 6

What do all hotspots not contain?

Answer 6

Threatened species

Question 7

Name some endangered species?

Answer 7

Pandas
Turtles
Polar Bears
Corals
Silverback Gorrillas

Question 8

What did the HM Government (2007) say about the natural environment?

Answer 8

‘Secure a healthy natural environment for today and the future’

Also

‘Living within the environmental limits’

Question 9

What was the HM Governments (2007) vision for a sustainable future?

Answer 9

Secure a diverse, healthy and resilient natural environment. Provides good well-being, health, prosperity for now and future. And services from natural environment are reflected in decision making

Question 10

Economic Value of Biodiversity: How many FTE jobs were created in nature and landscape conservation?

Answer 10

8600

Question 11

Economic Value of Biodiversity: how much forestry employment was attributed to establishment and management of semi natural woodland?

Answer 11

25%

Question 12

Economic Value of Biodiversity: How many jobs do green agricultural systems support and contribute?

Answer 12

27000 jobs

$400 million in value

Question 13

Economic Value of Biodiversity: How many jobs do commercial fisheries support?

Answer 13

13,600

Question 14

Economic Value of Biodiversity: How much is rural tourism dependant on landscapes and wildlife. How many jobs are created?

Answer 14

50%

180,000 jobs

Question 15

What is the biodiversity 2020 plan?

Answer 15

To halt biodiversity loss. Support well functioning ecosystems an ecological networks. With more and better places for the benefit of nature and people

Question 16

What happened in 1992 and was signed by 159 governments?

Answer 16

Convention on Biological Diversity or the ‘Rio Convention’

Was the first treaty to provide a legal framework for biodiversity conservation

Question 17

What happened between 1994-1995?

Answer 17

The UK Biodiversity Action Plan (UK-BAP) set 20 year targets

Question 18

What happened in 2010?

Answer 18

The international year of biodiversity.

190 countries signed a global agreement to halt the decline, but no country met the 2010 target

Question 19

What happened in 2011?

Answer 19

National Environment White Paper

Detailed how the gov will respond to Nagoya commitments

Question 20

What happened in 2013?

Answer 20

Biodiversity 2020

Built on the Natural Environment White paper sets objectives for 2020

Question 21

Name 6 species lost from the UK?

Answer 21

Burbot - 1960
Lynx - Lost first century
Ivells Sea Anemone - 1983
Red Backed Shrike - 1988
Irish Lady Tresses - 1990s
Large Tortoiseshell - 1953

Question 22

How much did house sparrows decline between 1970 and 2008?

Answer 22

67%

Question 23

How many water voles disapeared from sites they were previously recorded at?

Answer 23

94%

Question 24

How many habitat specialist butterflies and butterflies have declined since 1970s?

Answer 24

93% specialist | 76% of all butterflies

Question 25

How much decrease in moth population has there been between 1968 and 2002?

Answer 25

44%

Question 26

Name 4 invasive species?

Answer 26

Grey squirrel Japanese Knot Weed Red Squirrel Killer Shrimp

Question 27

Name 3 species that have been reintroduced?

Answer 27

Eurasian Beaver Large Blue Butterfly Great Bustard

Question 28

Name 2 aspects in where environment is important to human health?

Answer 28

Air quality - air pollution increasing Activity - many people doing little exercise

Question 29

Name 5 types of land use?

Answer 29

``` Inland water Forestry and woodland Permanent grassland and rough grazing Total droppable area Other (inc built up areas) ```

Question 30

Water quality in rivers is slowly improving. In 2009 how much was above moderate in comparison to 2012?

Answer 30

34% - 09 | 39% - 12

Question 31

Has sustainable fisheries been increasing and by how much between 1990 and 2010?

Answer 31

Yes 1990 - 5/30% 2010 - 40/45%

Question 32

How many species and habitats are in decline. Also how many priority species were lost completely between 2002 and 2008?

Answer 32

Species - 30% Habitats - 40% Priority Species - 8

Question 33

Name the main factors of sites of special interest (SSSIs)

Answer 33

- Designated under UK 'Wildlife and Countryside act 1981' - 'special interest' due to flora, fauna or geology - legislation provides high level of protection - 6.1% of England area protected - biological an geological

Question 34

Name 3 key factors of a National Nature Reserve (NNRs)

Answer 34

Considered very best examples of SSSIs Include most pristine habitats and rarest species Area protected - 0.47% of England

Question 35

How many National Parks in UK?

Answer 35

15

Question 36

Name 4 main factors of Areas of Outstanding National Beauty (AONBs)

Answer 36

- 46 areas - takes into account safeguarding local communities and economy - equivalent status of National Parks but no authorities - looked after by partnerships

Question 37

Name 3 main factors of SPAs and SACs?

Answer 37

They're strictly protected by Conservation Regulations 1994 They're part of European network of high quality conservation sites All UK sites are also SSSIs

Question 38

What is an SPA?

Answer 38

Special protection area For protection of rare as vulnerable species

Question 39

What is an SAC?

Answer 39

Protection of high quality habitats of significant conservation value

Question 40

Name some benefits to society ecosystems and biodiversity bring?

Answer 40

Soil fertility, purification of water, protection from UV radiation, climate regulation, photosynthesis, primary decomposition, nutrient recycling

Question 41

Name some factors of ecosystem services? 6 things...

Answer 41

1. Critical in economic analysis and decision making 2. Recognises the value of ESS and allows a more sustainable future 3. Needs to be considered in Uk 4. Decline in quality, 30% 5. Faced with pop growth and climate change 6. UK first to incorporate approach

Question 42

How much does woodland cover in the UK in 1980s compared to 1870s?

Answer 42

1870 - 5% | 1980 - 7%

Question 43

What I the Dutch Elm Diasese?

Answer 43

Caused by fungi. Spread by beetles. First epidemic 1920-40. Lost 10-40% of elms. 2nd outbreak 1960s, led to death of majority of mature species. DED still persists today

Question 44

What is ash dieback?

Answer 44

Ash makes up 5% of UK woodland. Caused by fungal pathogen. Causes leaf loss, crown dieback and death. First confirmed in UK in 2012, 100k trees destroyed to stop spreading

Question 45

What's the National Forest?

Answer 45

200 square miles of woodland linking 2 forests. Charnwood and Needwood forest. 800p hectares planted with woodlands, bought 1500ha of habitats 8milli trees planted, green over 6700 hectares

Question 46

Name some economic benefits of the National forest?

Answer 46

25% increase in planting £1milli revenue generated More habitats

Question 47

Marine ecosystems. Name 5 facts about them in the Uk?

Answer 47

- 12,000km of Coast line - 108 SACs with marine components for marine habitats - 107 SPAs with a marine components - 31 MCZs to be designated

Question 48

How much fish stocks have been sustainable harvested in UK in 1990 and 2011?

Answer 48

1990s - 5/10% | 2011 - 50%

Question 49

Who are fish fight and SOS?

Answer 49

Marine conservation zones. Designation of 31 out of 127 sites. SOS targeted 127.

Question 50

Name 8 issues which contribute to marine pollution?

Answer 50

- nutrients - sediments - pathogens - toxic ants - oil - invasive species - plastics - ocean acidification

Question 51

Name an area of habitat restoration and what they done?

Answer 51

Flow country Largest area of blanket bog. Covers 400k hectares. Estimated 400milli tonnes of carbon. Used afforestation to restore. Wind farms. Became a UNESCO site, SSSI, SAC, SPA and Ramsay destination.