Environment Pathology 2 Flashcards
(9 cards)
Q: What are the three components of forensic death analysis?
Q: Which type of wound has tissue bridging: incision or laceration?
Q: What distinguishes a contusion from an abrasion?
Q: A wound with straight edges and surface > depth is called?
Q: What type of fracture is commonly found in homicidal strangulation?
A: Cause (e.g. gunshot), Mechanism (e.g. blood loss), Manner (e.g. homicide/suicide/accident).
A: Laceration.
A: Contusion = bleeding under skin; Abrasion = superficial skin scrape.
A: Incision
A: Hyoid bone fracture
Q: Where are defense wounds commonly located?
Q: What is tattooing/stippling and when does it occur?
Q: Which gunshot wound is larger: entry or exit?
Q: What is the major destructive force in high-velocity rifle injury?
A: Hands and forearms.
A: Powder burns seen in close-range gunshot wounds (<20 in).
A: Exit wound is usually larger and more irregular.
A: Blast wave damaging surrounding tissues.
Q: What is the most common lethal arrhythmia in electrical injury?
Q: What radiation type causes thymidine dimers via free radicals?
Q: Which tissues are most sensitive to radiation?
Q: Why are hypoxic tumor centers more resistant to radiation?
Q: What is the earliest hematologic sign of radiation?
A: Ventricular fibrillation
A: Ionizing radiation
A: Hematopoietic Cells and GI lining
A: Less oxygen = fewer free radicals formed
A: Lymphopenia
Q: What tissue has both high sensitivity and high turnover in radiation?
Q: What radiation dose causes acute radiation syndrome?
Q: What dose causes death from brain radiation injury in 1 day?
Q: What are two major outcomes of faulty DNA repair after radiation?
Q: What histologic changes are seen in irradiated blood vessels?
A: Hematopoietic cells
A: 100–300 rad
A: 2000 rad
A: Carcinogenesis and teratogenesis
A: Hyalinization, endothelial proliferation, wall thickening
Q: What cancer risks are increased and decreased by oral contraceptives?
Q: What is the legal blood alcohol limit in the U.S.?
Q: What visual symptoms occur with acute alcohol intoxication?
Q: What toxic intermediate is formed during ethanol metabolism?
Q: Why does alcohol cause fatty liver?
A: ↑ Hepatic adenoma & cervical; ↓ Endometrial & ovarian cancer
A: 80 mg/dL or 0.08%
A: ↓ Peripheral and night vision
A: Acetaldehyde
A: NAD depletion impairs fatty acid oxidation
Q: What symptoms are seen in ALDH2*2 homozygotes after alcohol?
Q: What is the most dangerous acute CNS effect of alcohol?
Q: What liver histology is classic for alcoholic hepatitis?
Q: What kind of cirrhosis is associated with chronic alcohol use?
Q: Name two common complications of chronic alcohol use in the pancreas and heart.
A: Flushing, nausea, tachycardia, can’t tolerate alcohol
A: Respiratory depression
A: Mallory bodies and PMNs
A: Micronodular cirrhosis
A: Pancreatitis and alcoholic cardiomyopathy
Q: What enzyme converts acetaldehyde to acetate in alcohol metabolism?
Q: What are the key brain findings in Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome?
Q: Which cancer is particularly associated with ALDH2*2 variant and alcohol use?
Q: What facial features are characteristic of Fetal Alcohol Syndrome?
Q: What is the mechanism of acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity?
Q: What is the classic acid-base finding in ASA overdose?
Q: What kidney injury is associated with chronic NSAID and acetaminophen use?
A: Aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH)
A: Hemorrhage and necrosis of mammillary bodies
A: Esophageal cancer
A: Smooth philtrum, thin upper lip, small palpebral fissures
A: NAPQI accumulation depletes glutathione → oxidative damage → centrilobular necrosis - > treat with N acetylcysteine
A: Respiratory alkalosis followed by metabolic acidosis
A: Renal papillary necrosis
Q: What liver zone is most affected in acetaminophen and alcohol toxicity?
Q: What heart valve is most commonly affected in IV drug users?
Q: What is the mechanism of cocaine’s addictive properties?
Q: What renal lesion is classically associated with heroin use?
Q: Why is fentanyl especially dangerous in overdose?
Q: What are the main neurotransmitters affected by methamphetamine?
A: Zone 3 (centrilobular necrosis).
A: Tricuspid valve (right-sided endocarditis).
A: Inhibition of dopamine reuptake (dopamine transporter antagonist).
A: Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (heroin nephropathy).
A: Extremely narrow therapeutic index and high potency.
A: Dopamine, norepinephrine, serotonin.
Q: What are common complications of chronic methamphetamine use?
Q: What is the molecular target and main toxicity of MDMA?
Q: What receptors does THC target and what are the effects of chronic use?
A: Violence, confusion, psychosis with hallucinations, “meth mouth,” meth sores, obsessive picking, and tolerance.
A: Serotonin receptors; causes serotonin toxicity leading to hyperthermia and risk of hyponatremia.
A: CB1 and CB2 cannabinoid receptors; causes poor memory, judgment, bronchitis, addiction.
