Environmental

Question 1

Black and Black - what was the aim?

Answer 1

Look at wether exposure to aircraft noise is linked to health issues eg high blood pressure.

Question 2

Black and Black - what was the Sample?

Answer 2

.Two groups one close to Sydney airport the other 56km away.

.Sent questionnaire to every home, got 704 full responses.

Question 3

Black and Black - what was the Results?

Answer 3

.General health lower for ANE group.

.Long exposure resulted in high chronic stress.

Question 4

Glass and Singer - Summary?

Answer 4

.P’s given task eg spelling to do with either loud volume or lower volume and either unpredictable or predictable patterns of noise.
.Resulted = Unpredictable noise effected the performance the most.

Question 5

Ken-rich and McFarlane - Summary?

Answer 5

.P’s sat behind car at a junction who stayed still while the lights were green, recorded horn honks and compared to temperature that day.
.Resulted = positive correlation between temperature and horn honks.

Question 6

Lundeburg - Summary?

Answer 6

.Measured stress levels using urine samples collected from passengers on train stockholm, in high density or low density amount of crowding.
.Result = low density - lower stress

Question 7

Ellis RET - Summary?

Answer 7

A - Activating experience (stressors)
B - Beliefs an individual holds about the stressor
C - Consequences arising from these beliefs
D - Disputing these negative beliefs
Results = Change of behaviour to reduce stress

Question 8

Czeisler - what was the aim?

Answer 8

Investigate rotating work shifts

Question 9

Czeisler - what was the sample?

Answer 9

153 male employees put into two groups those that did rotate and a control that didn’t

Question 10

Czeisler - what was the Procedure?

Answer 10

.Questionnaire at start
.Changed from Phase delay to Phase advanced schedule
.Half rotated every 7 days and the there half every 21 days.
.At 3 months gave workers questionnaire and at 9, analysed productivity

Question 11

Czeisler - what was the results?

Answer 11

.81% reported it took 2+ days to adjust to previous phase advanced schedule.
.Found that most workers preferred phase delay and even more preferred 21 days vs 7.
.Workers on 21 Phase delay schedule where most productive

Question 12

Siffre - Summary?

Answer 12

.Went into dark cave with no clocks and barely any light, only contact was to say when he work up, fell asleep and ate.
.Result = adhered to same sleep / wake cycle of 24 hours and 30 mins

Question 13

Preckel et al - Summary?

Answer 13

272 students identified as larks or owls by questionnaire.

Found owls to have lower GPA, due to early starts.

Question 14

Peter dripp - Summary?

Answer 14

.Stayed awake for 201 hours.
3 days in became abusive, 5 days in he Began hallucinating, and his body temp declined.
.After he became moody and depressed.

Question 15

Shift work and jet lag - Summary?

Answer 15

Power naps -
Suggests doctors should take 30 - 45 min power naps to maintain vigilance and alertness.

Melatonin pills -
Melatonin is hormone released for sleep when it is dark, so workers can use it to sleep during day.

Question 16

Lord - aim?

Answer 16

Investigate what messages and type of messages persuade people to recycle

Question 17

Lord - sample?

Answer 17

140 households (20 for each condition including 20 control group)

Question 18

Lord - procedure?

Answer 18

Week 1 Observers baseline of recycling for each household then Left message for each condition up including positive or negative framed message/ and a advert, news article or personal influence.
Week 2 reobserved and sent questionnaire to household regarding the message

Question 19

Lord - results?

Answer 19

.all conditions showed increase in recycling
.positive messages led to more favourable attitudes
.adverts led to better attitudes but personal influence had the most effect

Question 20

Yale model of persuasion- summary ?

Answer 20

Persuasiveness relies on - 
Source 
Message 
Recipient 
Situation

Question 21

Behaviourism - summary ?

Answer 21

Operant conditioning -
.rewards for good behaviour

Social learning theory -
.copying behaviour eg using celebs recycling

Question 22

Luyben and bailey - summary ?

Answer 22

4 mobile home parks -

Increases number of newspaper recycling bins increased recycling by 52%.

Question 23

Cialdini - summary ?

Answer 23

Sent messages to encourage reusing towels in a hotel -
.help the hotel save energy
.help save the environment
.partner with us to help save the environment
.help save resources for future generations
.join your fellow citizens in helping save the environment

Last message (social norm) increased to 41% most effective with second being saving the environment 31%

Question 24

Drew’s and doing - aim?

Answer 24

To develop and evaluate DV’s displays that show vital signs in graphical data, so it’s quicker

Question 25

Drew’s and doing - Sample?

Answer 25

42 Nurses with 1 years experience in ICU

Question 26

Drew’s and doing - Procedure?

Answer 26

.Two groups analysed either a traditional ICU display or the new DVS display, for patient vital signs, measured the quickness of reaction and accuracy of data.

Question 27

Drew’s and doing - Results?

Answer 27

.CVS display 48% quicker in septic shock and 38% quicker in Pulmonary embolism. .CVS third or more accurate in septic and pulmonary.

Question 28

Brown and Poulton - Summary ?

Answer 28

.P's drove car in residential area and crowded shopping area, while doing a numbers task. .Made more errors in crowded shopping area suggesting cognitive overload.

Question 29

Miller STM and Chunking - Summary ?

Answer 29

.Suggests people can hold 7 + or - 2 pieces of info in their short term memory .However suggests chunking into units allows us to learn more.

Question 30

The Hawthorne studies - Summary ?

Answer 30

.Investigated change in lightbulbs on productivity. | .Found that any change created an increase in productivity concluding that the difference was they were being observed.

Question 31

Stone - Summary ?

Answer 31

.144 students assigned to 12 conditions changing, colour of room; Blue, white or red, nature of room; open plan or private, Task; reading or maths. Found - .Positive moods = blue open plan room .Least positive mood = red open plan room .Reading task performance worse in red rooms

Question 32

Ulrich - what is the aim of the study?

Answer 32

Investigate if view from a hospital bed effects recovery.

Question 33

Ulrich - what is the sample of the study?

Answer 33

.46 patients 20 - 69 who had undergone gall bladder removal surgery. .23 matched pairs

Question 34

Ulrich - what is the procedure of the study?

Answer 34

.Put in room with tree view or brick wall view. | .Blind researchers analysed patient recovery.

Question 35

Ulrich - what is the results of the study?

Answer 35

.Tree view spent less time in hospital 7.9 days compared to 8.7 .More negative notes made about wall view patients

Question 36

Cohen - summary?

Answer 36

.Investigated reading ability of 54 children, based on floor level and noise readings. .Higher floor level led to less noise. .Less noise correlates with word knowledge and reading comprehension.

Question 37

White et al - summary?

Answer 37

.studied 10,000 people from 1991 - 2008 | .Found those living in greener areas experiences less mental distress and more life satisfaction.

Question 38

Newman and Pruitt - summary?

Answer 38

.Built 1954 public housing project. .by 1970 was riddles with crime and destroyed .This was down to lack of defensible space no responsibility for the owners.

Question 39

Armitage - summary?

Answer 39

.Analysed records of crimes form 2007 - 2009. | .Found Cul de sacs had the lowest level of crime

Question 40

Wells - what is the aim?

Answer 40

.Look at personalisation in the workspace, also compare it to gender.

Question 41

Wells - what is the sample?

Answer 41

338 office workers with 23 used for a follow up

Question 42

Wells - what is the procedure?

Answer 42

.p's given self report questionnaire (rating scales mainly) | .Follow up consisted of interview + taking photos of their work space.

Question 43

Wells - what is the results?

Answer 43

.Women personalise more then men. .Correlation between satisfaction and personalisation .More personnalisation led to better moral and less turnover

Question 44

Smith - summary ?

Answer 44

.Observed nationalities use of beach space and territory. .West Germans took up most space, using reserved signs and sandcastles to mark territory, French didn't understand territory.

Question 45

Hall - summary

Answer 45

``` .based on observations Hall concluded personal space can be divided into - .Intimate .Personal .Social .Public ```

Question 46

Middlemist - summary

Answer 46

.Men's urinals times how long it took to start urinating, when actor was urinal next to them or one further away. .When actor was closer took longer to start urinating and left sooner.

Question 47

Sommer and Ross - summary

Answer 47

.Hospital waiting room tested two seating patterns; sociofugal(rows across walls) and sociepetal (facing inwards for social) - .Found Sociotpetal promoted social interaction, however soceofugal allowed personal space.