Environmental Biology Part 2 Flashcards
(327 cards)
1
Q
What % of Earth’s land surface do forests cover?
A
26-31%
2
Q
What amount (hectares) of forest cover is there on Earth’s land surface?
A
4 billion hectares
3
Q
A lot of forests are found in what area of the continent?
A
Edges of continent
4
Q
What is the primary function of forests?
A
Photosynthesis
5
Q
What are the 3 main roles of forests?
A
Provide habitat Maintain soil/air/water quality Biogeochemical cycles (inc. carbon reservoir)
6
Q
What is the equation for carbon assimilation?
A
CO2 + water + light –> O2 + CHO
7
Q
What are the two components of carbon assimilation/photosynthesis?
A
Light reactions Carbon reactions
8
Q
What happens to the water in photosynthesis?
A
Converted into O2
9
Q
What happens to the CO2 in photosynthesis?
A
Energy is being used to assimilate CO2 and water into CHO
10
Q
What is net primary productivity?
A
The net flux of carbon from the atmosphere into green plants per unit time (g/m2/year) Rate process of the amount of vegetable matter produced per unit time
11
Q
What is leaf area?
A
How much vegetation you have per square meter = amount of plants doing photosynthesis in the area
12
Q
What is the relationship between NPP and leaf area?
A
Positive linear
13
Q
What type of biome/type of forest is NPP greatest?
A
Coniferous forests
14
Q
List (4) the biomes from NPP largest to smallest.
A
Coniferous forests > deciduous forests > grasslands > deserts
15
Q
What part of the plant is responsible for light reactions of photosynthesis?
A
Chlorophyll
16
Q
What part of the plant is responsible for carbon reactions of photosynthesis?
A
Triose phosphates
17
Q
What is the total ecosystem carbon amount (tons/acre)?
A
80 tons/acre
18
Q
What is the yearly carbon store? (tons/acre)
A
0.7
19
Q
What is the yearly carbon soil respiration? (tons/acre)
A
2.2
20
Q
What is the yearly net photosynthesis? (tons of carbon/acre)?
A
2.9
21
Q
What % of carbon is stored in the leaves?
A
1
22
Q
What % of carbon is stored in the trunk and branches?
A
40
23
Q
What % of carbon is stored in the soil organic matter?
A
45
24
Q
What % of carbon is stored in tree roots?
A
13
25
What % of carbon is stored in woody debris?
1
26
What part of the plant drives transpiration?
Stomata
27
What causes water to move up a tree?
Difference in water potentials
28
What potential in the soil is always _____ than water potential in the air.
HIGHER
29
If water potential in the air is the asme as that in the soil (or if air\>soil), stomata will ____ and ___ transpiration will occur.
Stomata will CLOSE and NO transpiration will occur
30
For 1 gram of organic matter made by the plant, approximately ___ g of water is absorbed by the roots, transported through the plant body, and lost to the atmosphere.
500
31
In a mature forest, what is the bottom most layer (above soil)?
Forest floor
32
In a mature forest, what is the layer above the forest floor?
Shrub layer
33
In a mature forest, what is the layer above the shrub layer?
Understory
34
In a mature forest, what is the layer above the understory?
Subcanopy
35
In a mature forest, what is the layer above the sub canopy?
Canopy
36
In a mature forest, what is the highest layer?
Canopy
37
In what layer of a mature forest are you likely to find ground cover?
Forest floor
38
In what layer of a mature forest are you likely to find leaf litter?
Forest floor
39
In what layer of a mature forest are you likely to find moss and epiphytes?
Understory
40
In what layer of a mature forest are you likely to find roots?
Soil
41
In what layer of a mature forest does photosynthesis take place?
Canopy
42
What are the 3 major forest biomes?
Boreal forest Temperate forest Tropical forest
43
Boreal forests are found at ___ latitudes.
HIGH
44
The type of forest typically found in Canada, Sweden and Russia is \_\_\_\_?
Boreal
45
What type of trees are in boreal forests?
Coniferous
46
Describe the climate and growing season in a boreal forest.
Short, dry climate Short growing season
47
Temperate forests are found at ___ latitudes?
Mid
48
The type of forest typically found in SW Ontario, South America, Europe and Australia is \_\_\_.
Temperate
49
Describe the climate in a temperate forest?
Seasonal = winter + summer/growing season
50
Rank the forest biomes from highest to lowest biodiversity.
Tropical \> Temperate \> Boreal
51
Tropical forests are found at ____ latitudes?
Low/equatorial
52
The type of forest typically found in East SA, Africa, Indonesia and Costal Australia is \_\_\_?
Tropical
53
True or false: there are deciduous trees but no coniferous trees in a tropical forest?
FALSE There are no deciduous trees OR coniferous trees in a tropical forest
54
What % of Russia's land mass is covered by forests?
45%
55
What % of Canada's land mass is covered by forests?
31%
56
What % of Brazil's land mass is covered by forests?
56%
57
What % of USA's land mass is covered by forests?
31%
58
What % of China's land mass is covered by forests?
18%
59
Forests in the Canadian north are typically \_\_\_\_.
Coniferous
60
Forest in the Canadian East are typically \_\_\_\_.
Deciduous
61
What percent of carbon is stored in boreal forests?
60%
62
What precent of carbon is stored in tropical forests?
30%
63
What percent of carbon is stored in temperate forests?
10%
64
What percent of land area occupied by forest biomes?
40%
65
What percent of land area is occupied by deserts?
30%
66
What percent of land area is occupied by savannah?
15%
67
What percent of land area is occupied by tundra?
10%
68
What percent of land area is occupied by grasslands?
5%
69
In the last 60 years, CO2 levels in the atmosphere have risen from ~\_\_\_ to ___ ppm.
300 to 400
70
The annual flux of carbon in the atmophsere is caused by the amount of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Photosynthesis done by forests in growing seasons
71
Original forest cover prior to industrial revolution = ___ square kilometres / x/x of total land area.
62 million 2/3
72
Current forest cover = ___ square kilometres / x/x of total land area.
33 million 1/3
73
Current forest loss per year = ___ square kilometres.
0.11 million
74
Speculative time before all forests are lost = ___ years.
300
75
True or false: forest edge is a different habitat than the first core?
TRUE
76
Forests can ____ soil and ____ erosion.
STABLIZE soil and PREVENT erosion
77
Forests can ___ flooding
LESSEN
78
True or false: forests purify water.
TRUE
79
How do forests purify water?
Minerals in the water end up staying inside the tree when the water is absorbed and released OR plants can absorb minerals/heavy metals from the soil and retain them before they contaminate water
80
Of the designated functions of the world's forests, what is the largest component?
Production
81
Of the designated functions of the world's forests, what % is production?
30
82
Of the designated functions of the world's forests, what % is protection?
8
83
Of the designated functions of the world's forests, what % is conservation?
12
84
Of the designated functions of the world's forests, what % is social services?
4
85
Of the designated functions of the world's forests, what % is multiple use?
24
86
Of the designated functions of the world's forests, what % is unknown?
16
87
What type of trees does soft wood come from?
Coniferous trees
88
What type of trees does hard wood come from?
Deciduous trees
89
What are NTFPs?
Non timber forest products = medicinal, herbal, decorative, and edible products
90
What type of wood does coniferous trees produce?
Softwood
91
What type of wood does deciduous trees produce?
Hardwood
92
What type of tree cutting method is most cost effective?
Clearcutting
93
What is the clearcutting method?
ALL trees in an area are cut leaving only stumps.
94
What tree cutting method has the greatest impact on forest ecosystems?
Clearcutting
95
What type of tree cutting method mimics natural disturbances/fire?
Clearcutting
96
What are alleopaths?
Secondary metabolites which plants produce which are toxins and prevent growth of another plant species around the [tree]
97
What type of tree cutting would remove alleopaths?
Clearcutting
98
What is seed-tree/shelterwood approach to tree cutting?
Remove the MAJORITY of trees from an area but leave some
99
What is selection harvest approach to tree cutting?
Remove the MINORITY of trees from an area; carefully selected
100
What tree cutting method removes ALL the trees?
Clearcutting
101
What tree cutting method removes the MAJORITY of trees?
Shelterwood/seed-tree
102
What tree cutting method removes the MINORITY of trees?
Selection harvest
103
What is reforestation?
Planting of trees after logging
104
What is afforestation?
Planting of trees where forested cover has not existed for over 50 years
105
What is the maximum sustainable yield (re: forest)?
A principle of renewable resource management relying on cutting trees shortly after they have gown through their fastest stage of growth (grow most quickly at intermediate ages)
106
True or false: Plantation forestry has decreased in North America.
FALSE
107
What is the largest cause of deforestation in Canada?
Agriculture
108
What percent of deforestation in Canada is attributed to agriculture?
53%
109
What percent of deforestation in Canada is attributed to forest roads?
10
110
What percent of deforestation in Canada is attributed to hydroelectricity?
10
111
What percent of deforestation in Canada is attributed to industry and resource extraction?
10
112
What percent of deforestation in Canada is attributed to urban development, transportation, and recreation?
20
113
True or false: agriculture covers more of the planet's surface than forests.
TRUE
114
What is the principle driver of land conservation today?
Agriculture
115
What is swidden agriculture?
Small area of forest cleared and crops are planted.
116
What is the typical grow:recover season ratio in swidden agriculture?
1-2 growing:7 year soil recovery
117
True or false: swidden agriculture is a relatively new type of plantation forestry.
FALSE
118
True or false: deforestation decreases CO2 in the atmosphere
FALSE
119
What area has the highest rate of deforestation?
Tropical rainforests of Latin America/Africa
120
What are the components of the Canadian National Forest Strategy for 03-08?
Recognizing rights of Aboriginals Diversification of markets for forest products Better skills and knowledge of forest practitioners Engaging Canadians in sustainability through urban forests Support private woodlots for forest sustainability National forest reporting system Better sustainability through legislation and policies Ecosystem based management
121
True or false: Jack Pine trees need a forest fire in order to release seeds.
TRUE
122
True or false Krtland Warbler birds ONLY nest under young Jack Pine trees
TRUE
123
What are ground fires?
The litter layer itself burns (vs. crown fires)
124
What are crown fires?
The upper tree canopy burns (vs. ground fires)
125
What is the effect of a ground fire?
Microorganisms and vegetation die Trees can survive as long as fire doesn't damage trunks/respiration
126
What is the the effect of a crown fire?
Entire canopy dies, bust most of the lower vegetation survives as long as it can survive the heat (underground)
127
How can trees cope with wind?
Crowded forest
128
Trees with larger trunks have ____ carbon storage.
MORE
129
What are gibberellins?
Plant hormones that are important for stem growth
130
What are gibberellins used for?
Makers in tree breeding
131
What is the relationship between future stem diameter and gibberellin levels in 3 month old seedings?
Linear
132
What is air pollution?
The introduction of particles, biological molecules, or other harmful materials into Earth's atmosphere, causing diseases, death to humans, damage to other living organisms such as animals and food crops, or to the natural or build environment.
133
True or false: Air pollution can come from fertilizer?
TRUE
134
True or false: Air pollution can come from volcanoes?
TRUE
135
True or false: Air pollution can come from lightening?
TRUE
136
What are the 3 major natural pollutants?
Dust storms, volcanic eruptions, burning vegetation
137
During a dust storm, millions of tons of dust are blown ___ across the ______________ by trade winds every year.
WESTWARD ATLANTIC OCEAN
138
What area is commonly impacted in the USA by dust storms?
South & central
139
Volcanic eruptions release large amounts of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Particulate matter Sulfur dioxide Other gases
140
Over ____ hectares of forests and grasslands burn every year.
60 million
141
Forest fires increase air pollution by \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Returning carbon to atmosphere.
142
What are the 4 categories of air pollutants?
Criteria air contaminants Persistent organic pollutants Heavy metals Toxic air pollutants
143
What are criteria air contaminants?
Pollutants judged to pose especially great threats to human health, produced by a number of processes (burning of fossil fuels)
144
What type of air pollutant type is SO2?
Criteria air contaminants
145
The concentration of SO2 in Canada between 1974-1994 ______ from ____ to ____ \_\_\_\_.
DECREASED from 13 to 5 PPB
146
The concentration of CO in Canada between 1974-1994 ______ from ____ to ____ \_\_\_\_.
DECREASED from 2.2 to 0.7 PPM
147
The concentration of NO2 in Canada between 1974-1994 ______ from ____ to ____ \_\_\_\_.
DECREASED from 21 to 18 PPB
148
The concentration of OZONE in Canada between 1974-1994 ______ from ____ to ____ \_\_\_\_.
INCREASED from 16 to 22 PPB
149
True or false: there is more NO2 than ozone in 1994?
FALSE
150
True or false: there is more ozone than CO in 1994?
TRUE
151
True or false: there is more CO than SO2 in 1994?
FALSE
152
True or false: there is more NO2 than SO2 in 1994?
TRUE
153
What are persistent organic pollutants?
Can last in the environment for long periods of time, they are volatile (evaporate readily)
154
True or false: Persistent organic pollutants can enter the food supply.
TRUE
155
What happens to organisms in the food chain that intake persistent organic pollutants?
Bioaccumulate
156
What is the primary source of persistent organic pollutants?
Human activity
157
What type of pollutant is DDT?
Persistent organic pollutant
158
What type of pollutant is PCB?
Persistent organic pollutant
159
What is PCB?
Colourless and odourless chemical that were once widely used in electrical equipment such as transformers and capacitors before their production was banned in 1970's
160
What is DDT?
Colourless, crystalline, tasteless and almost odourless organochloride known for its insecticidal properties
161
What chemical is being described: Colourless and odourless chemical that were once widely used in electrical equipment such as transformers and capacitors before their production was banned in 1970's
PCB
162
What chemical is being described: Colourless, crystalline, tasteless and almost odourless organochloride known for its insecticidal properties
DDT
163
True or false: PCB and DDT are both insecticides.
FALSE
164
True or false: PCB and DDT are both colourless.
TRUE
165
What are heavy metals?
Can be transported via air, water, and food supply, and can reside in the sediment for long period of time
166
True or false: heavy metals are poisonous even at low concentrations.
TRUE
167
True or false: heavy metals accumulate in body tissues.
TRUE
168
Mercury and lead are examples of what type of pollutant?
Heavy metals
169
True or false: plants that are light green are healthier than those that are dark green.
FALSE
170
What does a light green colour in a plant indicate?
Destruction of chlorophyll
171
True or false: some plants can tolerate high levels of heavy metals.
TRUE
172
What are toxic air pollutants?
Broad category of other pollutants as being harmful or toxic
173
True or false: heavy metals are known to cause cancer, developmental problems and neurological problems.
FALSE (Toxic air pollutants)
174
True or false: toxic air pollutants over lap with other type of pollutants?
TRUE
175
What type of pollutant is ozone?
Toxic air pollutant & criteria air pollutant
176
What produces 50% of the toxic industrial air pollution the states?
Electricity generation
177
What percent of the toxic industrial air pollution in the US is caused by chemicals?
15
178
What percent of the toxic industrial air pollution in the US is caused by paper products?
13
179
What percent of the toxic industrial air pollution in the US is caused by food and beverages?
4
180
What percent of the toxic industrial air pollution in the US is caused by primary metals?
3
181
What is the most common, widespread air quality problem?
Smog
182
What is smog?
Unhealthy mixtures of air pollutants over urban areas
183
What are the two types of smog?
Industrial smog Photochemical smog
184
True or false: industrial smog generally occurs in cooler, hilly areas?
TRUE
185
True or false: government regulations in developed cities have had NO significant effect on reducing smog.
FALSE
186
True or false: coal burning industrializing countries face significant health risks?
TRUE
187
How is photochemical smog produced?
Series of reactions where air pollutants from fuel burning are converted into different chemicals in the presence of light
188
True or false: vehicle inspection productions have decreased PHOTOCHEMICAL smog.
TRUE
189
\_\_\_ ppm concentrations of ozone effectively block UV ration.
12 ppm
190
What are chlorofluorocarbons?
Chemicals that attack ozone
191
What is it about CFCs that split ozone?
Release chlorine
192
True or false: global ozone depletion causes skin cancer, harms crops and decreases ocean productivity.
TRUE
193
True or false: in 1980-1990 there as a movement to save ozone to prevent UV radiation?
TRUE
194
What caused the movement to save ozone in 1980-1990s?
Ozone in atmosphere was depleting (300 \> 100) over 40 years
195
Where is the ozone hole located?
Over Antarctica
196
Ozone levels over the Antarctica have declined by \_\_\_\_\_%.
40-60
197
True or false: Acid deposition is localized to highly populated areas like Asia and Africa.
FALSE. Acid deposition is a transboundary pollution problem.
198
What is acid deposition?
The deposition of acid or acid forming pollutants from the atmosphere into Earth's surface
199
Where does acid deposition originate from?
Burning fossil fuels
200
What is the chemical reaction/equation of acid deposition?
NO + SO2 + water + oxygen --\> H2SO4 (sulphuric acid), HNO3 (nitric acid)
201
Rain and other forms of precipitation with a pH less than ___ are considered acidified.
5.1
202
True or false: Acid despition can have a wide ranging, cumulative detrimental effect on ecosystems and on our built environment.
TRUE
203
True or false: Acids leech nutrients from the top soil.
TRUE
204
High aluminium concentrations in plants results in \_\_\_\_\_.
Stunted roots with low # of branches.
205
How does acid deposition effect the cation exchange?
Mobilizes toxic metal ions
206
How does acid deposition effect built structures?
Erodes and corrodes structures
207
True or false: outdoor air pollution contains higher concentrations of pollutants than indoor air.
FALSE
208
\_\_\_\_ people die from indoor air pollution PER DAY.
6000
209
Burning wood, charcoal, dung, crop wastes fro cooking and eating ____ indoor air pollution.
INCREASES
210
True or false: indoor air pollution has been known to cause bronchitis?
TRUE
211
True or false: indoor air pollution has been known to cause type 2 diabetes?
FALSE
212
True or false: indoor air pollution has been known to cause heart disease?
TRUE
213
True or false: indoor air pollution has been known to cause cancer?
TRUE
214
True or false: indoor air pollution has been linked to premature death.
TRUE
215
Indoor air pollution is a bigger problem for ____ countries.
DEVELOPING
216
True or false: tiny living organisms decrease the indoor pollution levels.
FALSE
217
Dust mites and animal dander can worsen \_\_\_\_\_.
Asthma
218
\_\_\_\_ is the most dangerous indoor pollutant in the developed world.
Tobacco smoke
219
Tobacco smoke contains over _____ dangerous chemicals.
4000
220
True or false: smoking as increased in developed nations.
FALSE
221
What is a mineral?
Naturally occurring solid chemical element OR inorganic compound with a crystal structure, a specific chemical composition, and distinct physical properties
222
True or false: there are some minerals without a crystal structure
FALSE
223
True or false: minerals are everywhere in our products
TRUE
224
We obtain minerals and metals by \_\_\_\_\_
MINING
225
What is mining?
Systematic removal of rock, soil, or other material for the purpose of extracting minerals of economic interest
226
Of the GDP per industrial sector in Canada, what % is natural resources?
7
227
Of the GDP per industrial sector in Canada, what % is services?
72
228
Of the GDP per industrial sector in Canada, what % is manufacturing?
13
229
Of the GDP per industrial sector in Canada, what % is construction and utilities?
8
230
What are the seven types of mining?
Strip mining Subsurface mining Open pit mining Pacer mining Mountaintop mining Solution mining Marine mining
231
What is strip mining?
Layers of soil and rock are removed to expose the resource
232
What is strip mining used for?
Coal, oil sands, sand, gravel
233
What are the downfalls of strip mining?
Destroys natural communities over large areas and triggers erosion
234
What type of mining can cause acid drainage?
Strip mining, subsurface mining, open pit mining
235
What is acid drainage (from mining)?
Sulphide minerals form sulphuric acid and flow into the waterways. As the toxic sulphuric acid runs off, it leaches meters from the rocks which is toxic.
236
The toxic liquid of acid drainage is called \_\_\_\_\_
Leachate
237
How are zinc, lead, nickel, tin, gold, diamonds, phosphate, salt, and coal are typically mined?
Subsurface mining
238
What is subsurface mining?
Build tunnels to mine for deposits that is found in streams.
239
The deepest subsurface mining mines are ____ deep.
4 km
240
What is the most dangerous form of mining?
Subsurface mining
241
What are some of the dangerous things of subsurface mining?
Dynamite blasts, collapsed tunnels, toxic fumes, coal dust
242
True or false: subsurface mines can affect people years after they close.
TRUE
243
What can subsurface mines do to affect the environment years after they close?
Acid drainage, polluted ground water, sinkholes damage roads and homes
244
True or false: strip mining is more expensive than subsurface mining?
FALSE
245
Why would you chose to do subsurface mining over strip mining?
More economical than strip mining if the coal layers are not horizontal; able to get lower in the ground; less waste rock
246
What type of mining is used for evenly distributed minerals?
Open pit mining
247
True or false: open pit mining is terraced so men and machines can move around?
TRUE
248
What are the downfalls of open pit mining?
Habitat loss from location and also waste rock, aesthetic degradation, acid drainage
249
When is open pit mining done economically?
When source is not found in layers but found in large clumps (can't isolate strips)
250
What is pacer mining?
Miners use running water and to sift material in riverbeds
251
What type of mining is used mostly for gold and gems?
Pacer mining
252
What effect does the debris from pacer mining have on the environment?
Makes streams inhabitable for wildlife
253
What are the downfall of pacer mining?
Disturbs stream banks, causes erosion, harms riparian plant communities, removes water from ecosystem, removal of large quantities of rock
254
True or false: pacer mining is better for the environment than open pit mining, subsurface mining, and strip mining.
TRUE
255
What happens in mountaintop mining?
Entire mountain tops are blasted off and the waste is dumped into valleys causing valley filling
256
True or false: mountaintop mining is economically efficient.
TRUE
257
What are the downfalls of mountaintop mining?
Pollutes streams, deforests areas, erosion, mudslides, flash floods, destruction of valley ecosystem, coal dust from transportation makes people ill
258
True or false: people living in communities near mountaintop mining experience social and health impacts.
TRUE
259
True or false: local politicians help the locals against the effects of mountaintop mining?
FALSE
260
True or false: mine blasting of mountaintop mining cracks foundations and walls of houses
TRUE
261
What is solution mining?
Resources in a deep deposit are dissolved in a liquid and siphoned out
262
How are salts, lithium, boron, bromine, potash, copper and uranium mined?
Solution mining
263
Describe how potash is mined.
Hot water is injected into the potash layer 2 km below surface. Salt water dissolves the potash and forms a cavity. Salt and potash water pumped to solar evaporation ponds
264
True or false: solution mining has less environment impact than other methods
TRUE
265
What are the downfalls of solution mining?
Acids/heavy metals/uranium leak into groundwater; salt from solar evaporation pond destroys environment
266
What is the benefit of solution mining?
Don't have to destroy much surface area or remove the soil levels to get to resources underground
267
Where is magnesium harvested from?
Seawater via marine mining
268
How are sulphur, phosphate, calcium carbonate, silica, copper, zinc, copper, silver and gold can all be mined by \_\_\_\_\_.
Marine mining
269
What are the downfalls of marine mining?
Destroy habitalts/organisms from ocean floor, release toxic metals that could enter the food chain
270
True or false: restoring mine sites is relatively easy
FALSE
271
In Canada, companies are required to _____ to cover reclamation costs _____ mine development is approved.
POST BONDS BEFORE
272
Reclamation aims to bring a site to a condition \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Similar to its pre mining condition
273
What can environmental biologists do about mining?
Prevent mining Reclamation
274
True or false: even on restored sites, impacts may be long lasting and severe
TRUE
275
During the restoration process, _____ communities are \_\_\_\_.
COMPLEX SIMPLIFIED
276
True or false: essential symbiosis are eliminated and often not restored during reclamation.
TRUE
277
True or false: water can be properly reclaimed.
TRUE
278
Why can't you plant anything for a long period of time during mining reclamation?
No humus layer of soil
279
It is hypothesized that indium (used for LCD screens) will last ___ more years.
32
280
True or false: the sources for gallium are scarce?
TRUE
281
True or false: the sources of titanium are scarce?
FALSE
282
True or false: the sources of platinum are scarce?
TRUE
283
True or false: we are NOT facing any problems for the next hundred + years in terms of mineral availability .
TRUE
284
True or false: electronic waste is rapidly rising
TRUE
285
\_\_\_% of cell phones are recycled in Canada.
12
286
The market value of 500 million unused cell phones in terms of minerals is \_\_\_\_\_.
314 million
287
Cell phones use the most ____ mineral.
Copper
288
Current increase in CO2 levels is ___ per year. This level is expected to \_\_\_.
2 PPM RISE
289
Why will CO2 emissions rise?
Increased human population Increased industrialization
290
The same factors that will increase CO2 emissions will also accelerate \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
FOREST LOSS
291
The trend line of average yearly temperatures from 1884 to 2010 shows a ______ slope.
POSITIVE
292
The trend line of average yearly temperatures from 1890 to 1990 shows a ______ slope which is ____ than the slope from 1884-2010.
POSITIVE LESS
293
The trend line of average yearly temperatures from 1953 to 1978 shows a ______ slope.
NEGATIVE
294
The trend line of average yearly temperatures from 1953 to 1968 shows a ______ slope which is ___ than the slope from 1953-1978.
NEGATIVE GREATER
295
Average yearly temperatures in London have ___ from 1884-2010 from ___ °C to ___ °C but the fluctuations were \_\_\_\_.
INCREASED 6.5 8 HUGE
296
Average yearly temperatures in London have ___ from 1890-1990 from ___ °C to ___ °C
INCREASED 7 8
297
Average yearly temperatures in London have ___ from 1953-1978 from ___ °C to ___ °C
DECLINED 8 7
298
Average yearly temperatures in London have ___ from 1953-1968 from ___ °C to ___ °C
DECLINED 8.5 7
299
Over the last 125 years, CO2 levels have increased by \_\_\_% (\_\_\_ to ___ ppm)
25% 280 380 ppm
300
Over the last 125 years, mean yearly temperatures have increased \_\_\_% (\_\_\_ to\_\_\_)
25% 6.5 8
301
What is the greenhouse gas of primary concern?
CO2
302
What is greenhouse gas?
Gas that contributes to the greenhouse effect by absorbing inferred radiation (CO2)
303
What is the most abundant greenhouse gas?
Water vapour
304
What is the greenhouse fas that is the biggest contributor to the greenhouse effect?
Water vapour
305
True or false: water vapour works in a positive feedback loop.
TRUE
306
True or false: CO2, CH4, and NO all increased in atmospheric conditions at the same time.
TRUE
307
True or false: there is more CO2 in the atmosphere than CH4
FALSE
308
True or false: there is more CO2 in the atmosphere than NO
TRUE
309
Describe the water vapour-greenhouse positive feedback loop.
Adding CO2 to the atmosphere tends to warm the atmosphere causing global warming The warm atmosphere causes surface water to evaporate and become water vapour The atmosphere tends to warm as even more water vapour increases.
310
In the projected changes in June-Aug precipitation from 2090-2099, where is expected to have MORE precipitation?
By the poles
311
In the projected changes in June-Aug precipitation from 2090-2099, where is expected to have LESS precipitation?
In bands surrounding the equator
312
In the projected changes in June-Aug precipitation from 2090-2099, where is expected to have THE SAME precipitation?
Equator AND top/bottom 1/4
313
In the projected changes in June-Aug precipitation from 2090-2099, what type of precipitation changes are seen in south western Ontario?
None
314
Canada's ice shelves have shrunk by ___ over the last 100 years!
90%
315
Describe the positive feedback loop re: melting of ice shelves
As snow and ice melt, darker and less reflective surface are exposed which absorb more radiation causing faster melting.
316
Sea levels have been significantly rising from \_\_\_\_
1930
317
Rising sea levels is mainly due to \_\_\_\_\_
Thermal expansion
318
40% of the rising sea water can be attributed to \_\_\_\_.
Glaciers, ice caps and ice sheets
319
As global warming progresses, animals and plants will move towards the ____ or ______ in elevation.
POLES UPWARDS
320
\_\_\_\_\_% of all species will be threatened with extinction as global warming progress.
25-30
321
True or false: not all animals will suffer from climate change
TRUE
322
What suggests that animals and plants will be able to survive global climate change?
Huge fluctuations in yearly temperatures
323
Suspect that the change in temperature in London by the end of the century will be increased by ____ °C.
4
324
The average yearly temperatures fluctuate the most in ____ (months)
Jan/Feb
325
True or false: the variation within each years temperature is consistent from year to year.
TRUE
326
Smaller animals will be able to adapt ____ to climate change vs. larger animals.
MORE EASILY
327
True or false: climate change is not a problem for annual plants.
TRUE
