Environmental Diseases Flashcards by michael perna

These are exogenous chemicals in the environment that are absorbed via inhalation, ingestion, and skin contact

Xenobiotics

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In the metabolization of xenobiotics, during this phase, they undergo or reduction, via Cytochrome P450

Phase I

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During this phase of metabolization of xenobiotics, they undergo sulfation and methylation.

What effect does this have?

Phase II

Turns the phase I product into water soluble products that are excreted

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This system is located in the skin, GI mucosa, and every organ. It detoxifies and activates xenobiotics

Both reactions can result in…

Cytochrome P450

ROS

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The cytochrome P450 System varies from person to person and is affected by (3)

Fasting, starvation
Alcohol
Smoking

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This metal is the biggest exposure from lead paint

What population is more affected?

What can it cause?

It also can cause this, an excess pigmentation in the gingiva

Lead

Children moreso than adults (

Decreased IQ and anemia

Oral Lead Line

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This is the biggest metal exposure in fish, and it has CNS effects.

It can lead to this disease which causes cerebral palsy, blindness, deafness

Mercury

Minamata Disease

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This metal exposure is from herbicides and has effects on the CNS, cardiac system, and cancer

Arsenic

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This metal is from batteries and fertilizers.

What does it cause?

Cadmium

It causes lung disease and kidney damage

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Tobacco smoke contains this chemical, an alkaloid which is not carcinogenic but addictive

It binds to receptors in the brain, causing the release of _____ which increase heart rate and blood pressure

Nicotine

Catecholamines

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These components of smoke are irritating (cause inflammation) and carcinogenic

Polycyclic Hydrocarbons

Nitrosamines

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Smoking multiplies the risk of disease associated with other carcinogens. It is synergistic with:

This substance which causes oral cancer

This substance which causes lung cancer

Alcohol

Asbestos

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Tobacco smoke causes increased artherosclerosis, MI, and stroke.

1/3 of this condition is associated with smoking

Smoking also increases the chance of cancers of the oral cavity, esophagus, pancreas, and bladder

MIs

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Maternal smoking increases the risk of spontaneous ____ and _____

What is the #1 preventable cause of death?

Passive smoke causes how many times the risk of lung cancer?

Half of all smokers die of smoking related diseases

Spontaneous abortions and preterm births

Smoking

1.3x

“Pack years”, one pack daily for 20 years equals 20 pack years

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Excess consumption of this substance causes physical and psychological damages, and 5-10% of those using it have a chronic problem

Alcohol

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The amount of exhaled alcohol equals…

80mg/dL = what %?, which 8 beers or 12 oz of wine dependent upon weight and size of the individual

The amount in the blood

.08 (drunk driving limit!)

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Blood alcohol is metabolized to ______ by 3 enzyme systems

The first enzyme is located in hepatocytes..

This system that when metabolizing alcohol, has reduced ability to metabolize acetaminophen and anesthetics

And finally, this enzyme

Acetaldehyde

Alcohol Dehydrogenase

Cytochrome P-450** ( important)

Catalase

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A toxic effect of alcohol metabolism is that it results in decreased _____ which is required for fatty acid oxidation in the liver. Deficiency of this molecule will lead to fatty liver

NAD+

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This toxic effect of alcohol metabolism involves the 50% of asians expressing a defective form of this enzyme, which leads to accumulation of acetaldehyde.

Symptoms include flushing, tachycardia, hyperventilation

Acetaldehyde dehydrogenase

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This toxic effect of metabolism of ethanol in the liver produces ____

ROS

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This toxic effect of alcohol metabolism stimulates TNF and cytokines, which cause cell injury

Endotoxin release

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This type of alcoholisms mainly effects the CNS and has reversible hepatic effects

Acute Alcoholism

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Acute effects of alcohol causes main effects In what system?

Alcohol is a depressant, it inhibits inhibitors. It results in stimulation of motor and intellectual behavior

At increased blood levels, it causes

It also has reversible _______ effects

CNS

Respiratory depression

Hepatic

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This type of alcoholism leads to shortened lifespan due to liver, GI, CNS, and CV damage

Chronic Alcoholism

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What is the main site of injury due to chronic alcoholism? What occurs there?

Liver Fatty change, alcoholic hepatitis, and cirrhosis aka heptacellular carcinoma

Where does chronic alcoholism cause massive bleeding?

GI tract

This effect of chronic alcoholism results in peripheral neuropathies. It also causes this, characterized by confusion and memory disturbances Note that chronic alcoholism also results in other nutritional deficiency

Thiamine Deficiency Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome

Chronic alcoholism (heavy consumption) can decrease HDLs, leading to... One drink a day increases HDLs and inhibits platelet aggregation, a good thing! (cardioprotective) Heavy consumption also causes...

Alcoholic Cardiomyopathy Hypertension

Chronic alcoholism can also cause inflammation of the pancreas, aka... It also increases risk of cancers (oral, liver, esophagus, breast)

Pancreatitis

Therapeutic drugs can cause injury, when it happens it is termed _______ What are the three examples?

Adverse Drug Reactions Exogenous Estrogens and Oral Contraceptives Acetaminophen Overdose Aspirin Overdose

This therapy uses estrogen with or without progestins, it is thought to be cardioprotective but current research does not support this. What beneficial thing does it increase? What does it increase chance of though? What does it slow?

Hormone Replacement Therapy Increases HDLs and Thromboembolism, breast and endometrial cancers Osteoporosis

These exogenous estrogens are synthetic estradiol and a variable amount of progestin. NO proven increased risk of breast cancer. It does cause a slight increase in blood pressure What cancers are they protective against? As mentioned already, it increases risk of what?

Oral Contraceptives Ovarian and Endometrial Thromboembolism, but less than in pregnancy!

Birth control pills combined with what is really bad and can lead to collapse?

Smoking!

This drug is analgesic and antipyretic, and is metabolized via the P450 system. Large doses can cause what?

Acetaminophen (Tylenol) Hepatic Necrosis

What is the therapeutic dose of acetaminophen? What is the toxic dose? Symptoms include nausea, vomiting shock, then jaundice in a few days Severe overdose leads to what?

.5g (500mg) 15g or greater is toxic Liver Failure

What is the first step of aspirin overdose? Followed by this, which is fatal.. What is the fatal dose of aspirin?

Respiratory Alkalosis Metabolic acidosis 10g or greater (2-4 in children)

3gm or more daily of aspirin, 3 dose for chronic inflammatory conditions, can cause erosive gastritis, GI bleeding, headache, dizziness, confusion, tinnitus, nausea, vomiting, and can progress to convulsions and coma. This condition is called

Chronic Aspirin Toxicity

Chronic overdose of aspirin may lead to bleeding tendency due to irreversible inhibition of _______ and blocking the production of ________

Cyclooxygenase, thromboxane A2

This non-therapeutic drug produces intense euphoria and is the most addictive of all drugs, creating psychological dependence What is the most powerful form of it?

Cocaine Crack

During an acute overdose of cocaine, CV effects include blocking of the reuptake of _______, tachycardia and MI CNS effects include blocking the reuptake of ____, hyperthermia and seizures

Epinephrine Dopamine

Chronic use of coacine causes perforation of the ________ (snorters), decrease in the function of ______ (inhaling smoke) and dilated _________

Nasal Septum The ungs Cardiomyopathy

This non-therapeutic drug is an addictive opioid, causing euphoria, hallucinations, and sedation. There is currently an epidemic of it among suburban students

Heroin

T/F if you snort and don't inject heroin, you don't get addicted

False duh

Adverse effects of heroin include _____ granulomas in the lungs Damage to the ______ And can result in sudden death via MI and respiratory depression

Talcom Granulomas Kidney Damage

This non-therapeutic drug affects sensory perception and impairs motor coordination, but only lasts 4-5 hours Continued use can lead to progression to cognitive and psychomotor impairments, it also increases heart rate and BP. Compared to tobacco cigarettes, it leads to a 3 fold increase in the amount of tar inhaled and retained in the lungs

Marijuana

Signs of marijuana use include red eyes and activation of this cannabinoid receptor which causes an uncontrollable urge to snack

CB1R

Marijuana can be beneficial for 2 things:

Decreases intraocular pressure in glaucoma Relieves nausea due to chemotherapy

This non-therapeutic drug is toxic and addictive, it leads to memory loss and aggression, cardiac and neural damage and has dental effects or rampant caries, dry mouth, attrition due to corrosiveness The dental effects are termed

Methamphetamine Meth mouth

This mechanical trauma is a superficial wound produced by scraping, and it only involves the epidermal layer

Abrasions

This mechanical trauma is causes a bruise from blunt trauma, from damage to a vessel and extravasation of blood into tissues

Contusion

This is a tear cause by a blunt trauma, which has jagged and irregular borders

Laceration

This mechanical trauma is inflicted by a sharp instrument

Incised Wound

This mechanical trauma is caused by a long, narrow instrument When it pierces the tissue and transverses the tissue to create an exit wound, (like a gunshot wound), it is deemed

Puncture Wound Penetrating

Electrical injury can be from low or high voltage, and leads to 2 types of injuries:

Burns, If current flow continues long enough, it generates enough heat to produce burns at the site of entry and exit as well as in the internal organs Ventricular fib or cardiac/respiratory failure due to disruption of normal electrical impulses

This is self induced starvation This happens due to decreased secretion of gonadotropin-releasing hormone The decreased release of this causes cold intolerance, bradycardia, and skin/hair changes Cardiac arrythmia and sudden death can occur due to

Anorexia Amenorrhea Thyroid hormone Hypokalemia

This is binging on food and then induced vomiting It can cause electrolyte imbalance, most notably _____ It can cause pulmonary aspiration of _____ contents It can cause rupture of these two things It also leads to erosion of ...

Bulimia Hypokalemia Gastric Contents Esophagus and stomach Teeth

This is a fat soluble vitamin that is 80% synthesized by the body, but sunlight is required. The other 20% is is obtained by the diet. Its function is for calcium and phosphorus metabolism

Vitamin D

A deficiency in this vitamin results in Rickets in children, meaning the epiphyses are not closed, and weak bending bones present with bow leggedness It manifests as ______ in adults, with weak bones that fracture First it is hypocalcemia, but then normal Ca happens due to increased _____ and then ______ happens

Vitamin D Osteomalacia Increased PTH, hypophosphatemia

This is a water soluble vitamin that is not synthesized by the body and must be consumed in the diet. It activates enzymes for hydroxylation of collagen and is an antioxidant

Vitamin C

Deficiency of this vitamin results in scurvy, bone disease in children, hemorrhages/healing defects in both adults and children

Vitamin C

This is severe calorie restriction, with a body weight of

Marasmus

This is a profound deprivation in proteins, moreso than caolories, and results in belly edema, fatty liver, flaky skin, and depigmentation

Kwashiorkor

Environmental Diseases Flashcards

(62 cards)