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PD III > Environmental Health > Flashcards

Environmental Health Flashcards

1
Q

What are the top three causes of death in the US

A
  1. Heart disease
  2. Cancer
  3. Stroke

Chronic disease is the #1 killer in the US

7 is DM (overweight/obese and arthritis also contribute)

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2
Q

what is the # 1 cause of disability in the US

A

arthritis

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3
Q

what isthe #1 preventable cause of death in the US

A

tobacco use

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4
Q

what are other diseases with significant burden of death/disability/poor quality of life

A

Metabolic Syndrome
Cerebrovascular disease
Neurocognitive disease
Immune dysfunction (autoimmune disease)

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5
Q

what are underutilized early detection/prevention practices

A
  • mammograms - 22% women 50+ havent had one in the past 2 years
  • Colorectal CA screening - adults 50+ 37% have never had a colonoscopy and 83% havent had one in last 3 years
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6
Q

How prevelant is lack of access to healthcare in WV

A
  • About 20% of WV adults had no PCP
  • About 15% could not afford medical care
  • 9% of WV adults had no insurance at all
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7
Q

what are some ways humans come into contact w toxic substances

A
  • The food chain
  • Polluted water
  • Airborne exposure
  • Dermal exposure
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8
Q

how much does modifiable factors account for global burden of disease and deaths

A
  • 24% of global burden of disease
  • 23% of global deaths
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9
Q

what pathways do many pollutants induce?

A

signlaing pathways that are sensitive to oxidative stress

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10
Q

what are common cancer causing agents

A
  • radon
  • asbestos
  • benzene
  • coal
  • soot
  • smoke
  • arsenic
  • triclosan

cause CA by Increasing inflamm, impair immune, decrease cell repair

alter DNA and gene expression, stimulate rapid cell growth

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11
Q

what chemical exposures can cause obesity, metabolic syndrome, and diabetes

A
  • herbicide
  • triclosan
  • flame retardnats
  • stain repellents
  • nonstick compounds
  • DDT

interfere w thyroid, mimic hormones, xenobiotic release, panreatic stres

others include arsenic and cadmium

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12
Q

what exposure can contribute to vascular disease

A

toxic metals which cause oxidative stress

strong connection w develpement and progression of vascular diseases

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12
Q

what exposure can cause neurocognitive impairment

A
  • herbicides
  • pesticides
  • heavy metals
  • triclosan
  • teflon
  • DDT

immediate SE: aggression, learning disorders, attention disorders
delayed SE → increased disposition to Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease

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13
Q

what exposure can cause endocrine disruption

A
  • pesticides
  • toxic metals

chemical interfere w hormone signals to various organ systems

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14
Q

what is acceptable daily intake, who refulates it?

A
  • daily intake of a chemical that appears to be associated with minimal to no risk over lifetime
  • FDA and dept of agriculture regulated
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15
Q

what is a hazard

A

ability of agent to cause injury

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16
Q

what is risk

A

frequency of undesirable occureence after exposure

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17
Q

what is route of exposure? give examples

A
  • Industrial - inhalation, transdermal
  • Atmospheric - inhalation, transdermal
  • Water/Soil - inhalation, ingestion, dermal contact
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18
Q

what is acute v chronic exposure

A
  • acute - single or multiple over a brief period (seconds to 1-2 days)
  • chronic - multiple exposures over a longer period of time
19
Q

what is bioaccumulation

A

intake of contaminant > ability to excrete or metabolize

20
Q

what is biomagnification

A

increased concentration of a given contaminant as it goes up food chain

21
Q

what is persistence

A

resist environmental, often animal metabolic breakdown

22
Q

what is toxicity

A

rating based on repeated exposures which result in human or environmental adverse outcomes

23
Q

what is CO as a pollutant

what are s/s of poisoning and tx

A
  • colorless, tasteless, odorless, nonirritating pollutant that combines w O2 sites of hb
  • s/s - headache, nausea, dizzy, LOC
  • tx - removal from source, admin O2 within limits of O2 toxicity
24
Q

what are common sources of CO

A
25
Q

what is sulfur dioxide

what are s/s and tx

A
  • colorless irritant gas that forms sulfiric acid on contact w mucous membranes
  • s/s - irritant to eyes, mucous membranes, skin and resp tract (eye/nasal drainage w bronchospasm)
  • chronic low level exposure = chronic cardiopulm disease
  • tx - symptomatic
26
Q

what is nitrogen dioxide

include s/s and tx

A
  • brownish irritant gas
  • s/s - eye/nose irritation, cough, frothy sputum, dyspnea, chest pain
  • can cause pulm edema, subacute inflamm, chronic lung disease
  • tx - symptomatic, management of pulm edema and iritation
27
Q

what is ozone

include s/s and tx

A
  • bluish irritant gas, occuring normally in atmosphere but in high conc w electrical equiptment, air/water purifiers and polluted urban air
  • s/s - irritates mucous membranes. mild - upper resp inflamm. moderate - deep lung irritation, pulm edema. severe - morphologic/functional resp tract changes
  • tx - symptomsatic
28
Q

what are halogenated aliphatic hydrocarbons

include s/s

A
  • formerly widely used industrial solvent/cleaning agent
  • still used for dry cleaning
  • s/s - CNS depression, liver/kidney injury, cardiotoxicity, carcinogenic.
  • chronic - impaired memory and periphaerl neuropathy

“chlorophorm”

29
Q

what are the three aromatic hydrocarbons and each of their s/s

A
  • benzene - acute is CNS depression, chronic is bone marrow disease
  • toulene - CNS depression, skin/eye irritant, fetotoxic
  • xylene - CNS depressent and skin irritant
30
Q

what are the very widely used versions of benzene

A
  • combustion - volcanoes, forest fires, gasoline, tobacco smoke
  • common liquids - dyes, detergents, pesticides, cleaning products, paint strippers, adhesives
  • common solids - plastics, resins, synthetic fibers, rubber lubricants, pharmaceutical solvent
31
Q

what are organochlorines

include s/s

A
  • numerous compounds including DDT (most abandoned but DDT still used for mosquito elimination in africa)
  • s/s - CNS stimulation, tremor, convulsions. Chronic - enhanced tumor formation.
32
Q

what are organophosphates

s/s and tx

A
  • pesticides that can be used as antiparasitics
  • acetylcholinesterase inhibition
    → acetylcholine accumulation → cholinergic
    activity
  • s/s - dyspnea, lacrimation, confusion, fasciculations, progressive demyelination of longest nerves
  • acute - symptomatic O2, airway maintenance
  • no tx for delayed neurotoxicity

some contain neuropathy target esterase

33
Q

what are bipryidyls

s/s and tx

A
34
Q

what are chlorophenoxy herbecides

s/s

A
  • agent orange pesticide
  • large doses = coma, weakness, hypotonia
  • liver/kidney dysfunction
  • non-hodgkins lymphoma
35
Q

what is glyphosate

A
36
Q

what is the main source of lead? what are other sources? how is it acquired into the body

A
37
Q

what are s/s of lead toxicity . what are the tx

neuro, CV, renal, heme, onc, other

A
38
Q

what is mercury and where is it acquired

A
39
Q

what are s/s of mercury? what is the tx?

A
40
Q

what is arsenic and where is it acquired?

A
41
Q

what are s/s of arsenic poisoning and what is the tx

A
42
Q

what is polychlorinated biphenyls and what are the s/s

A
43
Q

what are brominated flame retardants and how do they cause harm?

A
44
Q

what are perflourinated compounds and where are they found? what are the s/s

A
44
Q

where is asbestos found? what is its effects

A
45
Q

what are the 7 potential endocrine disrupter groups

A

PD III (9 decks)

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