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CPH LEC MIDTERMS > Environmental Health > Flashcards

Environmental Health Flashcards

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1
Q

The totality of circumstances surrounding an organism or group of organisms, especially the combination of external physical conditions that affect and influence the growth, development, and
survival of organisms.

A

Environment

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2
Q

Everything that is around us including the living and non-living things

A

Environment

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3
Q

Addresses all the physical, chemical, and biological factors external to a person, and all the related factors impacting behaviors

A

Environmental Health

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4
Q

Factors of envi health

A

▪ Pollutants in air
▪ Pollutants of water ▪ pollutants in soil
▪ pollutants in food

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5
Q

Environmental Hazards; e.g. viruses, bacteria, other disease-causing organisms

A

Biological

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6
Q

Environmental Hazards: lifestyle

A

social

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7
Q

Environmental Hazards;harmful natural and artificial chemicals

A

Chemical

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8
Q

environmental hazards; natural disasters, UV radiation

A

physical

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9
Q

what are the environmental hazards

A

biological, physical, social, chemical

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10
Q

conditions in the environment where people are born

A

Social Determinants of Health (SDOH)

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11
Q

affects a wide range of health, functioning and quality of life, outcome and risk in their community

A

Social Determinants of Health (SDOH)

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12
Q

It is a major determinant of our health and well-being

A

environment

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13
Q

More than __________ around the world would die every year because they
live or work in unhealthy environments

A

12 million people

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13
Q

percent deaths among children under five due to modifiable environmental factors.

A

28% of deaths among children under five

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13
Q

percent of global deaths due to modifiable environmental factors.

A

24% of global deaths

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14
Q

Historically, diseases with the largest absolute burden from environmental exposure included:

A

o Diarrhea
o Lower respiratory infections o Malaria

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15
Q

Burden is now dominated by

A

non- communicable diseases

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16
Q

Gove health effects of asbestos

A

o Breathing difficulties o Lung cancer
o Mesothelioma

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17
Q

Give health effects of lead

A

o Developmental delays and behavioral problems in children
o Increased blood pressure in adults

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18
Q

Exposure Response Paradigm

A

measures the causality

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19
Q

exposure response paradigm

A

hazards, exposure pathway, dose- response, health effects

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20
Q

may be physical, social, chemical, and biological

A

Hazards

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21
Q

may be through ingestion, absorption, skin penetration, and inhalation

A

Exposure Pathway

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22
Q

health problems at different exposure levels
▪ exposure is determined through the duration, frequency, and body size of the individual

A

Dose-Response

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23
combination of hazards, exposure pathway, dose- response
health effects
24
According to WHO, each year _________ air pollution is responsible for nearly _______ deaths around the globe
indoor, outdoor, 7 million
25
any matter found in the atmosphere other than oxygen, nitrogen, water vapor, carbon dioxide and the inert gases in their natural or normal concentrations, that is detrimental to health or the environment
Air Pollutant
25
examples of air pollutant
smoke, dust, soot, cinders, fly ash, solid particles or any kind, gases, fumes, chemical mists, steam and radioactive substances
26
Sources of air pollutants
natural, anthropogenic, stationary, mobile
27
pollution caused by the nature such as forest fires, storms, and pollen
Natural
28
from fossil fuels, burning processes, air, sea, and land transport, operational processes, and any industrial activities
Anthropogenic
29
kinds of stationary sources
fugitive, point and area sources
30
emits over 10 tons of any single toxic pollutant, or over 25 tons of any combination of toxic pollutants per year.
Point sources
31
Fugitive emission is defined as the unintentional and undesirable emission, leakage or discharge of gases or vapors from pressure- containing equipment or facilities
Fugitive sources
32
is a concentrated number of smaller toxic sources, each emitting less than 10 tons per year of any single toxic and less than 25 tons per year of combined toxics,
Area sources
33
comes from automobiles such as cars, airplanes, and ships
Mobile
33
Criteria Air Pollutants
▪ Ubiquitous – always present in the environment ▪ Omnipresent – widespread in the community ▪ Imposes the greatest health effects to humans ▪ Responsible for most air pollution problems in the community ▪ Emitted directly into the air particulates, sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, hydrocarbon
34
▪ Sources are limited; industry specific ▪ More toxic and carcinogenic o 188 chemicals (e.g., formaldehyde, benzene, cadmium)
Hazardous Air Pollutants
35
Major Air Pollutants
carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, nitrous oxide, particulate matter
36
it can cause Breathing problems, respiratory problems, aggravation existing respiratory and cardiovascular diseases, alteration in respiratory defenses
sulfur dioxide
37
from Burning of fossil fuels, production of paper, cement and aluminum, and burning of fuel containing sulfur which contributes to global warming
sulfur dioxide
38
▪ Colorless gas with sharp odor ▪ Can be converted to fine particulate sulfate
sulfur dioxide
39
▪ Colorless and odorless gas ▪ Contributes to the formation of smog
Carbon Monoxide
40
from Volcanoes and forest fires ▪ Binds reversibly to hemoglobin ▪ Results in low birth weight and increased in fetal deaths and impairs learning ability
Carbon Monoxide
41
Irritation of the respiratory airway, eyes, nose, throat, susceptibility to lung infections, reduced lung efficacy
Nitrogen Dioxide
42
▪ Reddish brown gas ▪ Acid rain ▪ Fossil fuel burning, motor vehicle exhaust, unvented combustion
Nitrogen Dioxide
43
largest contributor of nitrogen emissions
Motor transport;
44
▪ Greenhouse gas ▪ Inert at low tempt; destroyed in the atmosphere by _______
Nitrous Oxide; photolysis
45
Mixture of solid particles and liquid droplets in the air
Particulate Matter
46
Causes turbidity
Particulate Matter
47
inhalable particles, with diameters that are generally 10 micrometers and smaller
PM10
48
fine inhalable particles, with diameters that are generally 2.5 micrometers and smaller.
PM2.5
49
furniture and carpets may contain __________ which is carcinogenic
formaldehyde
50
liquid water evaporates into water vapor
Evaporation
51
water vapor condenses into clouds
Condensation
52
groundwater moves into the plants and evaporates from them into the atmosphere
Transpiration
53
solid ice and snow can turn directly into gas
Sublimation
54
opposite of sublimation wherein gas turns into snow or ice
Deposition
55
sources of water and their meaning
SURFACE WATER- Mixture of surface run-off and ground water o Sources: rivers, lake streams, ponds, and impounding reservoirs Meteoric water RAIN WATER- Evaporated water that has precipitated in the form of rain GROUND WATER- Portion of water which has percolated into the earth to form underground deposits in aquifers o Extracted thru wells and streams
56
Caused by ingestion of contaminated water present with chemicals and pathogenic organisms
Water-borne
57
Caused by unavailability of water resorting to usage of unsafe sources of water
Water-washed
58
Caused by unhygienic disposal of human waste which can cause the spread of parasites
Water-based
59
Sisease caused by a parasite (schistosoma mansoni, schistosoma haemotobium, or schitosoma japonicum)
schistosomiasis
60
Water is used by these insects as their breeding grounds
Water-insect related
61
Composition: 99.99% liquid, 0.01% solid (solid portion is what makes the water unsuited for domestic use)
Waste Water
62
SOURCES OF WASTE WATEAR
Domestic, industrial, stormwater, agricultural runoff
63
The World Health Organization (WHO) defines noise above _______ as noise pollution.
65 decibels (dB)
64
To be precise, noise becomes harmful when it exceeds ________ and is painful above _______
75 decibels (dB); 120 dB.
65
considered not only an environmental nuisance but also a threat to public health
noise pollution
65
impacts of noise pollution
▪ Responsible for the rising incidence of deafness in India (Bhargawa, 2001) ▪ In China, until the 3rd century BC, instead of hanging men for dangerous crimes, noise was used for their Torturing ▪ In Europe, 16% of the people are exposed to 40 dB or more of traffic noise in their bedrooms at night
66
types of noise
steady, non steady, tonal, broadband, impulsive
67
Noise with negligibly small fluctuations of sound pressure level within the period of observation.
Steady noise
68
basic measure of the vibrations in the air which make up sound; measured on a logarithmic scale with units in decibels.
Sound pressure
69
When sound pressure levels shift significantly during the period of observation;
Non-steady noise
70
noise for which the level changes continuously and to a great extent during the period of observation.
Fluctuating noise
71
noise for which the level drops to the level of background noise several times during the period of observation.
Intermittent noise
72
Consists of one or more bursts of sound energy, each of a duration less than about 1 second
Impulsive noise
73
characterized by one or two single frequencies
Tonal noise
74
characterized by energy at many different frequencies and of the same sound pressure level
Broadband noise
75
parameter : Cardiovascular parameter: Metabolism
Alterations in the heart rate and blood pressure Increased metabolic rate
76
parameter: respiration Parameter: pupillary dilation
increased metabolic rate increase in pupillary size at sound level beyond 55 dB

CPH LEC MIDTERMS (4 decks)

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