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Paramedic Class > Environmental & Hematology/Oncology > Flashcards

Environmental & Hematology/Oncology Flashcards

(52 cards)

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1
Q

Define Radiation

A

Lost to air

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2
Q

Define convection

A

Lost to air with wind

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3
Q

Define conduction

A

Lost to and object

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4
Q

Define evaporation

A

Lost to air through water

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5
Q

Heat elimination is affected by

A

Vasodilation, Perspiration, Increased CO, increased RR

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6
Q

Heat Preservation is affected by

A

Vasoconstriction, Shivering, Piloerection, Decreased RR, Increased BMR (Basal Metabolic Rate)

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7
Q

Heat cramps SS

A

SS include, Painful cramps, Tachycardia, hot and sweaty skin, has a normal core temp.

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8
Q

Heat Exhaustion SS

A

SS include: History of working in the heat, decreased urine output, positive tilt test, Tachy, Nausea Vomiting, Cool to warm, wet, pale tissues, Dizziness and syncope, Headache, muscle cramps, normal to low BP, Usually normal core temp

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9
Q

Heat stroke from Progression of heat exhaustion SS

A

Dehydration, electrolyte imbalance, Metabolic acidosis, elevated core temp, tachy if early, brady if late, hypotension, rapid shallow RR, Confusion, Seizures/Coma

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10
Q

Heat stroke from isolated activity without exertion SS

A

Dry Skin, Full bounding pulse, elevated core temp, tachy if early, brady if late, hypotension, rapid shallow RR, Confusion, Seizures/Coma

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11
Q

Hypothermia levels

A

Mild 34c - 36c (94f- 97f)
Moderate 30c-34c (86f-94f)
Severe less than 30c (86f)

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12
Q

Causes of hypothermia

A

Wet clothing, wind, Cold water, Shock, AMI, Hypothyroidism, Diabetic Coma, Drugs, Sepsis

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13
Q

SS of mild to moderate Hypothermia

A

Temp 30c- 36c, Shivering, lethargy, loss of coordination

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14
Q

SS of Severe Hypothermia

A

Temp less than 30c, confusion, coma, loss of shivering, stiff muscles, ECG changes, and arrhythmias

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15
Q

CPR with Hypothermia

A

Start CPR with active warming
If VFib shock once, then resume CPR
Intubate, and ventilate with warm oxygen or mouth to mask, Warm IV fluids
If temp above 30c, give meds as indicated with longer intervals, Defib as normal
If temp below 30c, No meds, and 1 shock only

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16
Q

SS of frost bite

A

Described as Cold, then pins and needles, pain, then numb
Appears irritated, then white, blue gray, then blue black
Feels Doughy then hard

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17
Q

Management of frostbite

A

Do not allow to thaw if refreezing is possible
Do not massage or rub
Begin IV
Treat pain
Thaw by warm water immersion 37.7c- 41.1c
Cover with loose and dry dressing
Do not rewarm feet if walking is required

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18
Q

Treatment for drowning

A

Remove pt from water, attempt rescue only if properly trained to do so
Suspect head and neck injury
Protect pt from heat loss
Evaluate ABCs
Begin CPR and defibrillation if indicated

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19
Q

Boyle’s Law

A

Volume of gas is inversely proportional to the pressure if temperature is kept constant
VP=k

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20
Q

Daltons Law

A

Total pressure of mixture of gases is equal to sum of partial pressure of individual gases
P=p(1)+p(2)+….+p(n)

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21
Q

Henrys Law

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A

Amount of gas dissolved in given volume of liquid is proportional to pressure of gas above it

22
Q

Nitrogen Narcosis

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A

At depth usually deeper that 100’ nitrogen becomes narcotic
Effect is reversed with ascent

23
Q

Injurie of Ascent

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A

From to rapid ascent
*Over expansion injuries
-Arterial Gas Embolism(AGE)
-Pneumothorax
-Mediastinal emphysema

From improper decompression
-decompression sickness

24
Q

Decompression Sickness

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A

Type 1
Muscle and joint pain, Rash, Pitting edema

Type 2
Parethesia, Paralysis, chokes, CNS disturbances

25
Acute Mountain sickness
Mild- Lightheadedness, breathlessness, weakness, headache, nausea and vomiting Severe- weakness, severe vomiting, decreased urine output, SoB, Altered level of consciousness
26
Blood volume %s
Plasma 55% -Water 90-92% -Proteins 6-7% -other 2-3% Formed elements 45%
27
2,3 DPG affects
Affects hemoglobins affinity for oxygen
28
Bohr Effect
To cause hemoglobin to give up more oxygen -Increase Co2 -Decrease pH (more acid) To cause hemoglobin to bind more oxygen -Decrease CO2 -Increase pH(less pH)
29
Transfusion Reactions Hemolytic
SS- Facial flushing, hyper ventilation, tachycardia, hives, chest pain, wheezing, fever, chills, and cyanosis Treatment- Stop transfusion, change all IV tubing, and initiate crystalloid IV therapy. Consider furosemide, dopamine, and diphenhydramine.
30
Transfusion Reactions Febrile Nonhemolytic Reaction
SS- Headache, Fever, Chills Treatment- Stop transfusion, change all IV tubing, initiate crystalloid IV therapy Consider diphenhydramine and a antipyretic
31
Anemias: Aplastic
-Failure to produce red blood cells -often from chemotherapy or radiation
32
Anemias: Iron Deficiency
-Greater demand for stored iron than is available -Hemoglobin may be more effected than RBCs May have Pagophagia -Pica for ice
33
Anemias: Pernacious
-inability of stomach to absorb B12 -Found mostly in 40-80 yo Northern Europeans -Results in enlarged/ misshapen red blood cells
34
Anemias :Sickle Cell
Found mainly in Blacks and Jews Effects -Vaso-occlusive -Hematological -infectious Severe symptoms- fatigue, paleness, tachycardia, respiratory distress, jaundice, priapism, strokes, infections
35
Anemias:Polycythemia
Over production of erythrocytes Results in bleeding abnormalities -Epistaxis, spontaneous bruising, Gi bleed
36
Leukopenia/ Neutropenia
Too few white blood cells or neutrophils
37
Leukocytosis
An increase number of circulating white blood cells, often due to infection
38
Leukemia
Cancer of hematopoietic cells Initial presentation -Acutely ill, fatigued, febrile and weak -often a secondary infection
39
Lymphomas
Cancers of the lymphatic system -Abnormal B or T lymphocytes divide faster than normal
40
Hodgkin’s Lymphoma
Has the Reed-Sternberg Cell Enlarged lymph nodes in neck head and armpits Good prognosis
41
Non- Hodgkin’s Lymphoma
More common, not specific 2x as common for men than women Immune-suppressive medication increases risk 100x Presents with - Swelling of lymph nodes -Fever, night sweats, anorexia,, weight loss, fatigue, and pruritis
42
Thrombocytosis
Abnormal increase in thrombocytes
43
Thrombocytopenia
Abnormal decrease of thrombocytes Multiple types -Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura *rare disorder o extensive microclots * Damage many organs -idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura *low platelet count with normal bone marrow / absence *increased bleeding
44
Hemophilia
Deficiency in clotting factor Type A: deficient in VIII Type B : deficient in IX Von Willebrand's disease: deficient in Von Willebrand's factor
45
Neoplasia
Uncontrolled growth of cells whose proliferation cannot be adequately controlled by normal regulatory mechanisms operating in normal tissues
46
Types on Neoplasms
Benign Malignant -Leukemias -Connective (sarcomas) -Epithelial (carcinomas)
47
General Terminology
/ oma = tumor -Adenoma - tumor of epithelial cells -Lipoma - tumor fat cells Hemangioma - blood vessels - Osteoma - tumor of bone cells
48
General Terminology
/sarcoma = malignant tumor of mesenchymal cells -Fibrosarcoma -liposarcoma /carcinoma= malignant tumor of epithelial cells -adenocarcinoma -Squamous cell carcinoma
49
Metastasis
Movement of cells from one site to another
50
Risk factors for cancer
Age Sex Family medial history Tobacco use chemical exposer Race Obesity
51
Early warning signs for cancer
Change in bowl or bladder habits A sore that does not heal Unusual bleeding or discharge Thickening or lump in breast or elsewhere Indigestion or difficulty in swallowing Obvious change in wart or mole Nagging cough or hoarseness
52

Paramedic Class (3 decks)

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