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Horticulture > Environmental Hortoculture 2 > Flashcards

Environmental Hortoculture 2 Flashcards

(128 cards)

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1
Q

staking, pruning, pinching

A

physical methods used to control the growth of plants

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2
Q

spacing, thinning

A

cultural practices used to control the growth of plants

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3
Q

supports tree growth of roots, trunk, taper

A

two-stake method for supporting trees

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4
Q

allows tree to move around as it grows

A

benefit of two-stake method

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5
Q

reduces apical dominance, auxin stimulates growth of fruit

A

affect of tree pruning on fruit production

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6
Q

close spacing: reduced light; thinning: reduced soil competition, improved light exposure

A

how do spacing and thinning affect growth

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7
Q

diseases and weeds: prevention; insects: control

A

difference in approach to dealing with diseases and weeds versus insects

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8
Q

In order for disease to occur, pathogen, susceptible plant, favorable environment must be present

A

host-pathogen-environment disease triangle

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9
Q

fungi, bacteria, viruses, parasitic plants

A

microorganisms that cause plant disease

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10
Q

airborne spores, waterborne spores, insect vectors, alternate host, on planting materials, in soil

A

ways plant diseases are spread

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11
Q

sanitation, quarantine, resistance, vector control, soil treatment, chemicals

A

how can plant diseases be prevented

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12
Q

seen, chewed or tattered foliage/blossoms, defoliation, stippled yellow, bleached or bronzed foliage, distortion of plant parts, insect deposits

A

symptoms of insect infestations

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13
Q

a plant growing where you don’t want it

A

weed

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14
Q

clean seed, clean top soil, prevent flowering of weeds

A

preventive methods of weed control

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15
Q

mulches, irrigation, proper mowing height

A

cultural methods of weed control

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16
Q

hoeing, hand weeding

A

physical methods of weed control

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17
Q

herbicides

A

chemical methods of weed control

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18
Q

integrated pest management: multiple tactics (natural, cultural, biological, chemical) used in a compatible manner in order to maintain pest populations below levels that cause economic or unacceptable aesthetic injury without posing a hazard to humans, domestic animals, or other non-target life forms

A

IPM

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19
Q

food, pharmaceuticals, clothing, housing

A

four major functional uses of plants

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20
Q

Captain Blight and breadfruit; Irish potato famine

A

example of plant-people interaction

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21
Q

intensive control not feasible at relevant scales; need to manage system to regulate itself

A

relation of restorative activities to process of habitat deterioration

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22
Q

intercalary meristem: right at soil surface, slightly protected/not as exposed as other meristems, allows these turf grasses to be mowed over and over

A

anatomical characteristic of grass species that makes them suitable as turfgrasses

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23
Q

water purification, improves moods, soil erosion control, cooling of houses, provides oxygen, heat dissipation

A

benefits of turfgrasses in the landscape

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24
Q

water use, green waste from clippings, pesticide use, nitrate pollution from fertilizers

A

liabilities of turfgrasses in the landscape

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25
to increase outdoor living space, modify environment, alter perspectives, privacy, beautification, increase value of real estate
why landscape
26
balance: symmetrical and asymmetrical; rhythm: repetition; emphasis: focal point; harmony: matching
4 principles of design and examples
27
color, texture, form, line
4 elements of design
28
symmetrical lines: mirror images vs curved lines: patterned after nature
difference between a formal and informal landscape design
29
alterations to land, soil, water, climate, plants, animals, nutrient cycles, pollutant loadings
difficulties of urban ecology
30
runoff changes: timing, quantity, quality, location
difference between storm water drainage in a rural area and urban area
31
air quality, climate regulation, food, fiber, aesthetic
ecosystem services that landscapes provide
32
California: San Diego County
floriculture and nursery industry
33
has thresholds where a little degradation will initiate sudden major decline
path of degradation
34
must go beyond threshold for ecosystem to recover
path of recovery
35
economic: huge agricultural industry in CA; psychological: landscapes can affect moods and be calming; medicinal: aloe vera plant soothes
ways plants and people interact
36
anthropogenic, artificially produced and maintained, high stress environment where no vegetation is truly adapted, purpose of benefiting humans
urban forests
37
result of natural processes, maintenance is inherent in system, species are adapted to environment, commodity or intrinsic values
natural forests
38
local: liabilities, disruption of curbs and sidewalks; state: pesticide and fertilizer use; federal: plant transport between countries, trade barriers GMOs
local state and national policies that affect EHUF
39
salinity, impurities, ions
what does electrical conductivity tell you about a water sample?
40
reference evapotranspiration: measures water lost via ET so you can replenish it in irrigation
ET₀
41
nutrients plants need in large quantities; ex: oxygen
macronutrients
42
nutrients plants need in small quantities; ex: iron
micronutrients
43
nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium
big three macronutrients
44
leaf veins stay green in iron deficiency
difference between nitrogen deficiency and iron deficiency
45
10% Nitrogen, 10% P₂O₅, 10% K₂O
10/10/2010
46
root systems can't grow, urban canyons, pollution
challenges trees face in urban settings
47
tree protection zone
area cordoned off to minimize damage to tree
49
anchor; reservoir of water, nutrients, and air
soil
50
air and water compete for pore space
non-solid
51
smaller particles -> smaller pores -> greater capillary action
effect of soil texture on capillary action
52
tells ability of soil to hold nutrients
Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC)
53
add peat moss or elemental sulfur
reduce pH of soil
55
environmental horticulture
growing plants in an intensive manner
56
urban forestry
planning, planting, and managing plants in an urban environment
57
apical meristem
shoot tip: where cells are dividing
58
leaf primordium
young leaf: cells dividing, organized and has developed specific functions
59
axillary bud
is similar to apical meristem; leaf found by looking for this
60
petiole
what holds leaf
61
node
connection from main stem to leaf
62
internode
in between nodes
63
axillary branch
when axillary bud grows
64
flower
one flower
65
inflorescence
more than one flower
66
cotyledon
seed leaf
67
root apex
tip of plant root (at bottom)
68
positively gravitropic
growing with gravity
69
root apical meristem
creates root cap for protection
70
root branches and root hairs
increase surface area of roots
71
stamen
male: anther + filament
72
pistil
female: stigma + style + ovary
73
anther
releases pollen
74
filament
holds anther
75
stigma
captures pollen
76
style
holds stigma
77
ovary
has ovules
78
ovules
end up as seeds
79
receptacle
holds flower
80
pedicile
'flower stem'
81
peduncle
'flower stem' for inflorescence
82
petal
has pigment
83
corolla
multiple petals
84
sepal
encloses flower: hybrid between leaf and petal
85
calyx
multiple sepals
86
sexual propagation
exchange of genetic material from 2 parent plants resulting in variable offspring
87
asexual propagation
no exchange of genetic material resulting in genetically identical offspring
88
apomixis
asexual type of reproduction; seeds are genetically identical to parent plant
89
juvenility
can't flower
90
water imbibition, digestion of endosperm, triggered by gibberellins, increased respiration, cell division
five steps in seed germination
91
seed dormancy
condition that prevents seeds from germination
92
hard seed coat, underdeveloped embryo, internal dormancy, double dormancy
types of seed dormancy
93
impenetrable to water and air; overcome by hot water, acid or abrasion
hard seed coat
94
difficult to overcome; allow seed to mature
underdeveloped embryo
95
some internal hormone preventing germination; overcome by moist, cool storage or gibberellic acid
internal dormancy
96
stratification
simulating winter conditions before a seeds germination to overcome dormancy
97
scarification
using abrasion, heat or chemicals to encourage germination
98
water, light, temperature: seeds have upper and lower temp ranges in which they will germinate
environmental factors affecting seed germination
99
damping off
fungus caused ailments that kill seedlings before germination
100
expect two parts to grow together into one plant; dedifferentiation-redifferentiation events
totipotency in asexual propagation
101
match up of vascular cambium in rootstock and scion
necessary in grafting and budding
102
asexual plant propagation fusing multiple buds together
grafting
103
asexual plant propagation fusing one bud together
budding
104
chimera
a single plant with two genetically different types of tissue; doesn't propagate
105
stem, root, leaf
different types of cuttings
106
graft incompatibility
two plants can't bond together well and have problems later on
107
health of stock plant, juvenility, flowering versus vegetative plants, time of year, treatment with growth regulators, sanitation, wounding
factors affecting formation of adventitious roots
108
enhances; but doesn't cause roots to form in plants incapable of having adventitious roots
role of auxin in formation of adventitious roots
109
humidity and light; for water and photosynthesis
necessary during cutting propagation
110
sterile; controlled environment; very small tissues in little space produces whole plants quickly
micropropagation
112
epigeous
cotyledons come above ground
113
hypogeous
cotyledons stay below ground
114
monocot
one cotyledon
115
dicot
two cotyledons
116
epicotyl
part of plant between cotyledon and leaves
117
hypocotyl
part of plant below cotyledon but above ground
118
fibrous root
root like trees
119
tap root
root like carrot
120
adventitious root
root that grows where it's not expected
121
stolon
stem growing horizontally above ground; pretty small
122
rhizome
stem growing horizontally above ground or below ground; large and fleshy
123
bulb
stem highly compressed underground with fleshy leaves
124
corm
stem growing underground; short, vertical, solid, papery
125
tuber
stem growing underground; enlarged, fleshy, shorter, fatter
126
tuberous root
enlarged root growing horizontally below ground; doesn't have axillary buds
127
vascular system
xylem + pholem
128
xylem
water and nutrient conducting tissue; where transpiration takes place
129
pholem
photosynthate conducting tissue
130
angiosperm
enclosed seeds
131
gymnosperm
naked seeds

Horticulture (2 decks)

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