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Environmental Issues Flashcards

(58 cards)

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1
Q

radiation

A

transfer of heat between surfaces that are not in direct contact

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2
Q

conduction

A

transfer of heat between objects that are in direct contact

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3
Q

convection

A

transfer of heat that requires requires fluid medium to transfer

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4
Q

latent heat

A

heat required to change states without change of temperature

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5
Q

sensible heat

A

amount of energy absorbed or released during a change of temperature

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6
Q

British Thermal Unit

A

amount of energy needed to raise 1 pound (or 1 pint) of water by 1 degree F
OR to burn 1 match

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7
Q

Clo

normal amt. in winter and summer

A

amount of insulation which will maintain normal skin temperatre of the human body
winter indoor dress: 0.8
summer: 0.4

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8
Q

relative humidity

A

approximate ratio of actual density of water vapor in air to maximum density of water vapor that is could contain RELATIVE to the temperature
100% is when dry blub temperature = wet bulb temperature

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9
Q

degree day

A

amount by which the average outdoor temperature is below the reference temperature for one day

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10
Q

design day

A

day that is colder than 98% of all days of the year - this is what the system is designed to handle

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11
Q

dry bulb temperatre

A

aka air temperature; indicator of heat content

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12
Q

wet bulb temperature

A

lowest temperature that can be reached by evaporation of water only (air temp. remains constant)

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13
Q

dew point

A

the temperature at which water vapor starts to condense out of the air

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14
Q

comfort zone

A

range of temperatures and humidities in which most people feel comfortable dressed in typical clothing and engaged in typical indoor activities

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15
Q

enthalpy

A

sum of internal energy in a system plus the product of the pressure of gas in the system and its volume

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16
Q

air changes/hour (ACH)

A

rough estimate of how many times the entire volume of indoor air is replaced with outdoor air in one hour

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17
Q

psychometrics

A

study of physical and thermodynamic properties of gas-vapor mixtures

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18
Q

mean daily range

A

average temperature swing from night to day

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19
Q

mean radiant temperature (MRT)

A

average radiant temperature of surroundings independent of air temperature

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20
Q

typical home furnace BTUs/hour

A

80,000-150,000 BTUs/hour

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21
Q

person at rest BTUs/hour

A

250-350 BTUs/hour

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22
Q

US home BTUs/year on space heating

A

50 million BTUs/year

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23
Q

units for energy

A

BTU or Watt Hours

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24
Q

Watt Hour

Study These Flashcards
A

amount of energy to run a 3600 watt appliance for 1 second
OR run a 60 watt lightbulb for 1 min
OR run a 1 watt appliance for 1 hour

25
rate of energy units
BTU/hour or Watts (J/s)
26
BTU/hour uses
describe heat gain or loss | report input or output of a device
27
Watt uses
represent a unit of energy over time imply a rate (per second value) measure instantaneously
28
convert 1 Watt to BTU/hour
3.412 BTU/hour
29
BTUs/lb of ft^3 for: coal natural gas wood
15,000 BTU/lb 1,000 BTU/ft^3 7,000 BTU/lb
30
design dry bulb (97.5%)
97.5% of the winter (December-February), the temperature will be higher than this listed #
31
design dry bulb (2.5%)
2.5% of the summer (June-September) the weather is warmer than the listed #
32
heating degree day (HDD65)
amount by which the avg. outdoor temp. is below 65
33
``` HDD65 defined 0-1000 1000-3000 3000-5000 5000-7000 7000+ ```
0-1000 : no need to heat 1000-3000 : good insulation is enough 3000-5000 : moderate, use 2 systems 5000-7000 : need serious heating 7000+ : year-round heating (don't live here)
34
air pollution inversion phenomenon
heavier, cooler air is trapped below warm air and releases pollutants
35
carbon dioxide sources (3)
respiration combustion fermentation
36
carbon monoxide sources (4)
gas-powered motors gas or oil-powered industrial equipment building systems biomass burning
37
sick building syndrome
10% of occupants are sick | 20% complain
38
bake-out
heat interior air to 100 degrees F; release the heat and heat again. repeat for 2 weeks. this removes pollutants
39
ecosphere
area of earth from surface to 5 mi deep
40
biosphere
area from earth's surface to 5 mi into troposphere
41
biophilia
love of living things; humans subconsciously seek connections with the rest of life
42
organic feedstock
materials that mold can use as an energy source
43
The Natural Step
1996 credo by scientists, designers, and environmentalists goal of protecting eco- and bio-sphere: don't extract faster than you replenish don't manufacture faster than it can be integrated back into nature protect and preserve living organisms use resources fairly and efficiently
44
Awanahee Principles
``` 1991 plan for sustainable development mixed use walkable mixed use 24-hour variety of uses and users conservation of resources SEE NOTES FOR MORE DETAIL ```
45
LEED credit categories
``` sustainable sites water efficiency energy and atmosphere materials and resources indoor environmental quality innovation in design ```
46
daylight factor
% of outdoor light that is available indoors (based on overcast conditions)
47
solar altitude
angle of sun above the horizon (always 90 degrees or less - positive in the am, negative in the pm
48
solar azimuth
angle of sun from due north, clockwise
49
albedo
ratio of radiant to incident flux on a surface
50
equation for light penetration into a room
height from floor to top of window x 2.5 = depth of penetration
51
building commissioning
ensure that systems are designed, installed, and tested for effective operation and maintenance for owner
52
retro-commissioning
commissioning of existing buildings; to improve/optimize operating and maintenance
53
ground aquifer heating and cooling
differential thermal energy is used to heatt adn cool a building
54
geothermal
collect warmer underground air with heat pump to supplement other heating systems
55
biogas
made from waste and discarded crops to power turbines. high productivity, reduces landfill waste, no emissions
56
embodied energy calculation: | concept model
rough - based on building type and square footage
57
embodied energy calculation: | inventory model
accurate - based on actual amounts of all materials used
58
embodied energy calculation: | survey model
for existing buildings - assumes the bulk of the embodied energy is in the architectural materials (for older construction, this is generally true)

Building Systems (6 decks)

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