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Finals Exam > Environmental Sustainability > Flashcards

Environmental Sustainability Flashcards

1
Q

Nutrients are _____________

A

any chemicals that are needed for the proper functioning of organisms.

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2
Q

The nutrient cycle is _____________

A

is a system where energy and matter are transferred between living organisms.

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3
Q

The 4 main Nutrient cycles are ________

A

Carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and oxygen

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4
Q

Carbon is exchanged between biotic and abiotic components by ___________

A

photosynthesis and respiration

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5
Q

Precipitation, collection, transpiration, evaporation, and condensation are examples of the pathway of cycling for ___________ nutrient

A

Hydrogen/water

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6
Q

Transpiration is _______________

A

The movement of water from the ground through plants and trees, being released by the leaves into the air

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7
Q

By the process of________________, nitrogen-fixing bacteria fix atmospheric nitrogen to ammonia and nitrifying bacteria convert ammonia to nitrate.

A

nitrogen fixation

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8
Q

Atmospheric nitrogen is converted to _____________directly by lightning and assimilated by plants

A

Nitrates

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9
Q

Denitrifying bacteria convert ammonia and nitrates to nitrogen and nitrous oxide by the process of _________________

A

denitrification

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9
Q

_____________________break down proteins and amino acids of dead and decaying organic matters and waste product

A

Decomposers

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9
Q

Black Blizzards are _________

A

Dust storms that increased from one a year to nearly 40 in the 1930’s

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10
Q

The dust bowl in the 1930’s was caused by

A

Mechanized farming techniques (plowing), drought, and wind

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11
Q

No-Till farming is an example of ____________

A

a sustainable farming method that helps nutrients stay put

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12
Q

In the past 50 years, nitrogen cycles have been drastically altered by the rapid increase in ________________applications

A

synthetic fertilizer

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13
Q

An ecosystem managed primarily for the production of food, fuel or fiber is called ________

A

An agroecosystem

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14
Q

Ecosystem services include_____________

A

a. Provisioning, supportive, cultural, and regulating qualities
b. Water quality and runoff control, soil fertility and maintenance, carbon storage
c. Climate regulation, biodiversity, eco-tourism, and medicinal plants
D. All of the above

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15
Q

The “4 R’s” of fertilizer application are:

A

Right source, right rate, right time, right place

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16
Q

NUE is______

A

a. Nutrient Use Efficiency
b. the primary metric used to evaluate how well plants take up available nutrients in a
cropping system
c. the recovery of the applied nutrient either in the harvestable biomass of the plant or in
the total aboveground biomass divided by the quantity of the applied nutrient that was
neither incorporated into plant biomass nor made available to subsequent crops
D. all of the above

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17
Q

NUE is _________

A

1 if there is no loss to the environment, a closed efficient system

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18
Q

Tightening the nutrient cycle refers to __________

A

Higher utilization of active forms of a nutrient, with less loss to the general
environment

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19
Q

A major source of nitrogen into agricultural systems is__________

A

Nitrogen fixing plants, plant residue, fertilizers

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20
Q

Efficient nutrient cycling in agroecosystems results in ___________

A

Soil conservation, high water quality, carbon sequestration, low losses, and a resilient ecosystem

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21
Q

Factors influencing nutrient cycles in agroecosystems include____________

A

a. Biophysical factors such as soil texture, mineralogy, depth to water table, climate
regime, and topography
b. Landscape arrangement including configuration (proximity to water bodies, path length)
and composition (natural vs managed)
c. Farm management such as tillage, field size, rotations, type of inputs, and water
management
D. All of the above

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22
Q

Farm management practices can help promote tighter nutrient cycling by improving the _______________properties that regulate nutrient transformations

A

a. biological,
b. physical,
c. Chemical
D. All of the above

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23
Q

Greater nutrient retention can be achieved by reducing________________

A

a. runoff,
b. erosion,
c. leaching,
D. all of the above

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24
Q

soil greenhouse gas emissions can be reduced by _______

A

a. enhancing soil organic matter content,
b. increasing microbial biomass,
c. increasing water holding capacity, and crop yields
d. all of the above

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25
Q

Erosion __________

A

Results in soil loss via wind or water and is closely linked to soil tillage

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26
Q

Trees incorporated into agricultural practices can result in ___________

A

Reduced leaching

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27
Q

The crop rooting zone refers to __________

A

The depth at which crop roots reach and can utilize nutrients in that area

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28
Q

Soil organic matter provides ecosystem services such as _____________ (circle all that apply)

A

a. binding sites for mobile NO3 and PO4

c. enhances water holding capacity
d. increases soil microbial biomass

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29
Q

Soil water holding capacity is influenced by soil texture in the following ways __________(circle all that apply)

A

a. Clay soils have small partial size, increasing water holding capacity
b. Sandy soils have smaller surface area for water to accumulate
c. Loam soils hold less water than clay, but more water than sand
d. In order from the least water runoff to the greatest: clay, loam then sand

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30
Q

Water holding capacity is ______________ (circle all that apply)

A

a. the total amount of water that a soil can hold at field capacity

c. controlled mainly by soil texture and soil organic matter content

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31
Q

Soils with higher water holding capacity_________

A

a. allow more time for biotic nutrient uptake
b. Allow for greater abiotic transformations
c. reduce N leaching losses
D. all of the above

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32
Q

Agroecosystem management practices include______________(circle all that apply)

A

a. Intercropping, agroforestry, cover cropping

c. Integrating crops and livestock, organic matter amendments, and conservation tillage

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33
Q

Conservation tillage is ______

A

a range of soil tillage practices that reduce or eliminate physical turnover of the soil and leave crop residues on the soil surfaces

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34
Q

Agroforestry is _________

A

the simultaneous cultivation of woody plants (trees or shrubs) and crops

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35
Q

integrating crops and livestock is _____________

A

agropastoral, silvopastoral, or agro-silvopastoral systems which combine crops and livestock, trees and livestock, and crops, trees, and livestock

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36
Q

Cover cropping is________________

A

the practice of planting a “service” crop at a time of the year when a cash crop is not
grown.

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37
Q

Nutrient cycling efficiency indicators include______________ (circle all that apply)

A

a. Reduction of runoff and erosion
b. Reduced leaching and low greenhouse gas emissions
c. Improved carbon storage and microbial biomass
d. Improved water holding capacity and improved crop yields

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38
Q

Intercropping _______

A

a. Reduces runoff and erosion
b. Improves microbial biomass
c. Improves crop yields
D. All of the above

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39
Q

Benefits of agroforestry include ________

A

a. Reduced runoff and erosion,
b. improved carbon storage,
c. improved microbial biomass
D. all of the above

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40
Q

Organic Matter amendments in the soil can result in _________

A

improved crop yields

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41
Q

Organic farming prohibits the use of______________; thus, organic farmers tend to rely on intensive tillage operations to control weeds

A

synthetic herbicides

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42
Q

a variety of _____________can be used as forage for dairy cows such as, triticale, a rye and wheat hybrid

A

cover crops

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43
Q

_____________ (which are common in the tropics) can improve feed quality and
digestibility and increase species richness and abundance at the farm-level while also providing climate change mitigation benefits

A

Leguminous trees

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44
Q

In agroforestry, trees provide multiple ecosystem services, including ________

A

a. creating microclimates
b. providing food for pollinators
c. reducing nutrient loss via leaching and erosion
D. all of the above

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45
Q

In agroforestry, tree pruning residues can

A

a. be further treated and stabilized as mulch or compost
b. be returned to the system as a soil amendment
c. be used to increase soil organic matter
D. all of the above

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46
Q

Nitrogen Fixation is ________

A

when Nitrogen from the air is converted to Ammonium (NH4)

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47
Q

_________bacteria is a bacterium that is important for nitrogen fixation

A

Rhizobium

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48
Q

Nitrogen ________________ usually occurs with rhizobium bacteria in legumes plant root nodules

A

Fixation

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49
Q

Diatomic Nitrogen is held together by

A

A triple bond

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50
Q

The _________________protein breaks Nitrogen (N2) apart

A

Molybdenum-iron

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51
Q

NH3 is _________

A

Ammonia

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52
Q

NO2 is ____

A

Nitrite

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53
Q

NO3 is _____

A

Nitrate

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54
Q

TIN is _________________ (circle all that apply)

A

a. Total Inorganic Nitrogen

c. Ammonia + Nitrite + Nitrate

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55
Q

Total Nitrogen is ______

A

Ammonia + Nitrite + Nitrate + organic Nitrogen

56
Q

TKN is ______________ (circle all that apply)

A

a. Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen
b. Ammonia + Organic Nitrogen

57
Q

The pH of water plays a role in the nitrogen cycle by____________(circle all that apply)

A

a. More acidic water (pH lower) favors NH4

c. More basic water (pH High) favors NH3

58
Q

Nitrification is ___________

A

a 2 step process, where Ammonia is converted to Nitrite by autotrophic bacteria, and the Nitrite is converted to Nitrate by heterotrophic bacteria

59
Q

Nitrate in the water can cause __________________(circle all that apply)

A

a. Eutrophication in natural ecosystems

c. “Blue Baby Syndrome” in infants

60
Q

NH4NO3 is ________

A

Ammonium nitrate

61
Q

Before human activities contributed to nitrogen fixation, the global nitrogen cycling in soils, vegetation, the atmosphere and oceans relied entirely on ________________(circle all that apply)

A

a. microbial biological fixation
b. lightning

62
Q

Human activities contribute to the global nitrogen cycle at the beginning of the 20th century through combustion, which creates fixed nitrogen as NOx by _________________ (circle all that apply)

A

b. industrial NH3 production (by the Haber– Bosch process)
c. by growing nitrogen fixing crops

63
Q

About _____________of all reactive nitrogen in the nitrogen cycle today are thought to be additions from human activity

A

2/3

64
Q

Negative effects of anthropomorphic nitrogen additions include ____

A

a. directly contributing to radiative forcing of climate,
b. reductions in biodiversity at regional scales in terrestrial ecosystems
c. damage to human health through aerosols and ozone production
D. all of the above

65
Q

Positive effects of anthropomorphic nitrogen additions include __________________ (circle all that apply)

A

b. sustaining the food supply to a global human population
c. stimulating global CO2 sequestration by terrestrial and marine ecosystems

66
Q

Social costs of Nitrogen Pollution include__________________ (circle all that apply)

A

a. Climate change
b. Ari pollution
c. Surface water contamination
d. Groundwater contamination

66
Q

Climate change will affect ___________________(circle all that apply)

A

a. temperature and rainfall (amount, frequency, seasonal distribution)
b. soil environmental conditions
c. site and landscape hydrology, vegetation cover and substrate supply.
d. Land use since farmers will adapt land use and land management as climate changes

67
Q

Legume plants have _____

A

Root nodules containing nitrogen fixing bacteria

68
Q

Organisms that help fix nitrogen include __________________(Circle all that apply)

A

b. Legumes plants, bryophytes, and lichens
c. Algae and bacteria

69
Q

Projected global increases in temperature are therefore likely to be associated with
_____________________ in biological nitrogen fixation

A

Increase

70
Q

Marine biological N fixation is performed by a diverse range of _______

A

diazotrophs in plankton, microbial mat communities, sea grasses, coral reefs and sea sediments

71
Q

Cyanobacteria _____________ (circle all that apply)

A

a. Are also known as blue-green algae
b. Can grow to large puffs, sometimes visible to the naked eye
c. Are bacteria capable of oxygenic photosynthesis
d. Can regulate their buoyancy to access nutrients

72
Q

Trichodesmium erythraeum _________

A

Is a nitrogen fixing type of cyanobacteria

73
Q

Increasing temperatures will likely cause the rate of N fixation to increase because
______________(circle all that apply)

A

a. enzyme activity increases at higher temperatures

c. the increase in sea surface temperatures will lead to an expansion of habitat suitable for diazotrophs

74
Q

Oceanic Nitrogen processes can be affected by _______

A

a. Oxygen, salinity, Trace metals and phosphorus, and windspeeds carrying dust that contain micronutrients also play a factor (increased drought and wind transport)
b. ocean stratification which may may lead to a decrease in nutrient upwelling
C. all of the above

75
Q

Atmospheric Nitrogen ___________as Carbon Dioxide levels increase

A

Increase

76
Q

Nitrogen fixation in marine ecosystems are predicted to increase due to ______

A

Decrease in pH

77
Q

Nitrogen fixation in marine ecosystems are predicted to increase due to ____

A

CO2 increase

78
Q

Nitrogen fixation in marine ecosystems are predicted to increase due to ________

A

Temperature increase leading to expansion of diazotroph habitat

79
Q

Nitrogen fixation in marine ecosystems are predicted to increase due to ________

A

Temperature increase leading to faster enzyme activity

80
Q

Nitrogen fixation in marine ecosystems are predicted to increase due to _____

A

Stratification leading to shortage of nutrients in surface waters

81
Q

Nitrogen fixation in marine ecosystems are predicted to decrease due to _____

A

Increase in deposition of reactive nitrogen

82
Q

Nitrogen fixation in marine ecosystems are predicted to decrease due to ____

A

Increase in nitrogen export from rivers

83
Q

The underlying cause of increase active nitrogen can be linked to ______

A

population increase during the 21st century, resulting in the higher demand for food and other nitrogen-consuming activities (transport, heating and consumer goods)

84
Q

Cooler ocean temperatures at the poles allow for _______

A

More gases such as NH3 to be dissolved

85
Q

Warmer ocean temperatures near the equator allow for _______________(circle all that apply)

A

a. Less gases such as NH3 to be dissolved

c. Higher NH3 emissions into the atmosphere
d. Greater evaporation

86
Q

The future ocean–atmosphere flux of NH3 will be affected by____________(circle all that apply)

A

a. increasing temperatures,
b. increasing terrestrial NH3 emissions,
c. and ocean acidification from elevated CO2 levels,
d. lowering the pH of the water

87
Q

Lower pH results in a greater relative concentration of ______________in the ocean

A

ammonium

88
Q

The future oceans may accumulate more reactive N, leading to ______

A

Eutrophication

89
Q

Sources of atmospheric NOx (NO+NO2) are _____

A

soils, natural fires, lightning, transport from the stratosphere and combustion of fossil fuels

90
Q

Nitrous oxide____________

A

a. Is a long-lived (114 yr) greenhouse gas,
b. contributs to 10 % of the global radiative forcing
c. is now the main cause of stratospheric O3 depletion
D. All of the above

91
Q

N-fertilizer is responsible for ________

A

Rise in atmospheric NO2 concentrations from 270 to 319 ppb

92
Q

___________ assist with denitrification in soils

A

Achaea, bacteria and fungi

93
Q

____________areas are hotspots of denitrification as well as often hotspots of soil N2O emissions

A

Riparian (near rivers)

94
Q

________is the microbial oxidation of NH+ 4 to nitrate (NO− 3 ), with hydroxylamine
and NO− 2 as essential intermediates

A

Nitrification

95
Q

Increasing levels of atmospheric CO2 increases________________ of plant photosynthesis, resulting in increased soil moisture

A

Water use efficiency

96
Q

The overall effect of atmospheric composition change (due to climate change) on denitrification is to________ denitrification

A

Increase

97
Q

Higher kinetic energies associated with warmer temperatures mean reactions proceed

A

Faster

98
Q

Gaseous organic nitrogen exists in the atmosphere in both oxidized (peroxy acetyl nitrate PAN, and related compounds) and reduced forms, including _________

A

a. Amines and amino acids
b. urea
c. particulate matter in rain and snow
D. all of the above

99
Q

WSON stands for

A

Water-Soluble fraction of Organic Nitrogen

100
Q

Organic Nitrogen can take the form of ______

A

a. the humic-like materials
b. amines, amino acids, urea, nitrophenols, alkyl amides
c. N-heterocyclic alkaloids and organic nitrates
D. All of the above

101
Q

Atmospheric organic nitrogen sources are found in_____________(circle all that apply)

A

a. soil dust, including in this source both ON associated with soil organic matter itself and the adsorption of ON onto dust particles
b. biomass burning
c. marine emission both direct and via emissions of gaseous precursors
d. anthropogenic and agricultural sources

102
Q

Increases in average temperatures would be expected to lead to
_______________atmospheric concentrations of volatile and semi-volatile organic compounds, including ON species

A

increase

103
Q

Changes in agricultural practice could lead to large changes in ON emissions, e.g. changes in the use of urea as a fertilizer, or changes in the management of animal wastes. (increased population will _____________________ agricultural demand)

A

increased

103
Q

Increases in the oxidized nitrogen (NOy ) content of the atmosphere would lead to
faster reaction and conversion of organic matter into N-containing material, probably in the aerosol phase, leading in turn to ______________ aerosol concentrations of ON

A

Increased

104
Q

In order to reduce the amount of active nitrogen in the cycle, we need to
__________(circle all that apply)

A

a. increasing nitrogen use efficiency in agriculture, closing nutrient cycles at different levels
b. influencing consumer behavior towards reduced meat consumption
c. use technology to reduce emissions from different compartments
d. use spatial planning as a tool to optimize production and environmental protection.

105
Q

Phosphorus, potassium, sulfur, magnesium, calcium, iron, boron, manganese, zinc, molybdenum, copper are examples of ________

A

Micronutrients

106
Q

Factors influencing nutrients cycling in agroecosystems include___

A

Biophysical, landscape, farming

107
Q

__________ is highly influenced by tilling, resulting in loss of soil and all nutrients

A

Erosion

108
Q

_______________ is the downward movement of nutrients below roots, grass, crop, tree roots

A

Leaching

109
Q

_________is the effects on soil texture and nutrient uptake

A

Water holding capacity

110
Q

intercropping, agroforestry, cover cropping, integration of crops and livestock, organic matter amendments, and conservation tillage are examples of _________

A

agroecosystem management practices

111
Q

Combining crops and livestock, livestock and trees, trees and annual crops are examples of _________

A

Increasing biodiversity in agriculture

111
Q

reduced runoff and erosion, reduced leaching, low GHG emissions, improved C storage, improved microbial biomass, improved water holding capacity, improved yields are examples of ___________

A

indicators of nutrient cycling efficiency

112
Q

cover crops, perennial crops, complementary species planting are examples of __________farming practices to reduce weeds

A

Organic

113
Q

Atmospheric, nitrates, Nitrites, Ammonium, fixation, nitrification, assimilation, ammonification, denitrification, total nitrogen, organic nitrogen, TKN are all examples of _______

A

Parts of the nitrogen cycle

114
Q

Atmospheric nitrogen is triple bonded, broken inside of cells with the molybdenum iron protein, making___________

A

Ammonia

115
Q

Legumes plants have rhizobium bacteria that fix atmospheric nitrogen into ammonium, which is an example of ______

A

Nitrogen fixation

116
Q

NH4(ammonium) -> NO3 (Nitrate), uses up oxygen to do so is an example of
______________

A

Nitrification

117
Q

Bacteria groups including ____________are important to the nitrogen cycle (circle all
that apply)

A

a. Autotrophs
b. Heterotrophs
c. ammonia oxidizers
d. Nitrite oxidizers

118
Q

Denitrification takes place in ___________ environments

A

Anoxic

119
Q

Human activities have nearly _________________ the amount of nitrogen actively cycling through the system

A

Doubled

120
Q

localized controls, no global contracts, farmers vs government are examples of
____________ related to Nitrogen

A

Policy

121
Q

aerosols near the earth’s surface, acid rain, health effects, eutrophication, climate are examples of _____________related to Nitrogen

A

climate change

122
Q

the Haber Bosh Process ____

A

is a way of fixing nitrogen for fertilizers

123
Q

_________ will affect temperature, rainfall, soil, hydrology, vegetation, and land
use, all of which will affect the nitrogen cycle in different ways

A

climate change

124
Q

Increased CO2 affects ________________ (circle all that apply)

A

a. plant transpiration
b. soil moisture
c. O3 concentrations
d. C sequestration

125
Q

________ was at equilibrium before industrialization, primarily controlled by
rhizobium bacteria, lichens and bryophytes, legumes crops, and is temperature sensitive.

A

Terrestrial biological nitrogen fixation

126
Q

__________ involves plankton, sea grasses, cyanobacteria, trichodesmium, CO2 increases, increased stratification, increased nitrogen fixation, light influences, temperature influences, stratification, oxygen, salinity, trace metals, dust, wind, CO2, ammonium assimilated by phytoplankton

A

Marine biological nitrogen fixation

127
Q

______ involves Combustion, fertilizer, etc, doubled Nr from 1980-2010, and projected to increase more

A

Human nitrogen fixation

128
Q

________ involves livestock, crops, and fertilizers, effectively “fertilizing the
atmosphere”

A

NH3 emissions

129
Q

NOx sources include_________

A

soil, fire, lightning, fossil fuels

130
Q

Archaea, bacteria, fungi, contribute to _____________ putting nitrogen back into the atmosphere (inert), occurs at riparian zones

A

Denitrification

131
Q

It is predicted that under current practices, the Nitrogen “bank” in the atmosphere-inert, will get smaller, the active Nitrogen in the system will get _____________, and the rate of change will increase overall.

A

Larger

132
Q

hemic materials, thousands of compounds, both oxidized and reduced, found in soil, dust, biomass burning, marine emissions, agriculture, anthropogenic, are examples of _________

A

Organic nitrogen

133
Q

____________are any chemicals that are needed for the proper functioning of
organisms

A

Nutrients

134
Q

Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Oxygen are the 4 main _____

A

Nutrient cycles

135
Q

Water needed for all life, freshwater, transpiration, evaporation, groundwater,
precipitation are parts of __________

A

Hydrologic cycle

136
Q

nitrogen fixation, atmospheric, nitrates, nitrites, ammonium, decomposers, denitrifying bacteria, denitrification are steps in the ___________

A

Nitrogen cycle

137
Q

Water quality, soil fertility, climate regulation, and biodiversity are examples of ______________

A

Ecosystem services

Finals Exam (3 decks)

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