ENVR201 Flashcards

Question

One feature that distinguish envrionmental movment form west and east :

Answer 1

East ; the movment take place because of the poor and landless peasans. It is a question of survival and not enhancing the quality of life

Answer 2

Value of future Utility is the current relative valuation placed on receiving a good at an earlier date compared with receiving it at a later date.

Answer 3

Removing roads capacity can actually make the network function better Adding capacity can make it function worst. Building new road ; increase congestion Closing new road : decrease traffic congestion

Answer 4

all costs associated with producing something that aren't included in the price (labor, social costs, destruction, transporting,etc.)

Answer 5

Use a process that need chemicals. not recommended

Answer 6

* Public education * information * environmental taxes * regulation (e.g. fishing season) * border regulations * subsidies consumption (bus tickets, prius) * subsidies R+D * subsidise disposal (?) * subsidise investment (?) * pay-per-use charges * public infrastructure investment * family planning

Answer 7

The increase of the efficiency and the decrease of the price leads to an increase in the consomation that then concel the original saving eg. le gaz : l'efficacité du gaz amènent les gens à acheter et utiliser davantage leur véhucles motorisées Un toit à energie solaire est acheté par un foyer qui sauve de l'argent en consomation d'électricité, mais grace à ces économies, partent en voyages, annulant ainsi la reduction de leur emprunte écologique

Answer 8

ecotourism & recreation

Answer 9

OIL-SEED CROPS

Answer 10

R = (B-D) + (I-E)

Answer 11

Nature : * earth * biodiversity * ecosystems Life support * ecosystem services * resouces * envrionment Community * Cultures * groups * places

Answer 12

* Rich countries want to discuss the green agenda of envrionmental protection, biodiversity and protection of the ozone layer * The poor countries want to discuss about poverty alleviation, indrastrucural development, health and education

Answer 13

* Shift away from subsistence agriculture * new crops (potatoes, maize, tomatoes from Americas) * transportation technologies ; ship and trains * Commercial markets for food * International trade * 1800s

Answer 14

Climate justice links human right and development to achieve a human-centered approach. safeguarding the right of the most vulnerable and **sharing the burdens and benefits of climate change and its resolution equitably and fairly.** Is informed by science, responds to science and acknoledges the need for quitable stewardship of the world's resources

Answer 15

* imply to not discover innovation * not desirable at all

Answer 16

* productive asset * no mechanization, need for more labor * security in old age * risk to lose a child * to have enough children so that there are at least three or four sons in the family, then each son can spend half day at school and half day at work, saving money to send one of them at the university. Once his education is completed, he will use his increased earnings to put his brother to Uni too. * Free access to property resources * Viscous circle : population increase lead to envrionmental degradation then poverty.

Answer 17

* Local fisheries are not consulted * Underreport catches * No big return in $ for countries using land.

Answer 18

concsumer surplus is the difference between what one is willing to pay and what one actually has to pay for a service or a project

Answer 19

Post-Industrial * CBR=CDR * Birth rate & death rate are low * Population stabilize, could decrease

Answer 20

* INCREASED crop yield * Mechanization * Synthetic fertilizer/insecticides * Dward varieties * Food manufacturing * 1930-1970

Answer 21

broad, but specific **qualitative** statement about objectives

Answer 22

when an individual/corporation is trying to profit so you only look at the money inputs and outputs only consideration = self benefit

Answer 23

for the valuation of a non-market resource, we ask people their WTP or WTA to maintain the existence of a environmental feature Implie to ask people about what they might do if confronted to a real situation How much people are willing to pay for change and to improve ecosystem serices

Answer 24

* mixed messages * visibility * free riding * capital turnover timescales * r+D investment and scale up sequence * commitment * reboud effect

Answer 25

Looking at the purchasing behaviours, revealed because people had chosen among different alternative and chosen their favorite on to reveal it wages risk travel cost house prices

Answer 26

1. How to come up with a price? 2. By giving a price, we are pushing the nartural world into the system and destroying it 3. Power is left out of these discussions 4. Value and Framing

Answer 27

They don't adress the problem correctly. We put energies and effort on parks and designation of wildland that are managed for the nenifits of the richtourists instead of focusing on the lives of the poors. The function of wilderness is to provide a temporary antidote to modern civilizations + OVERCONSUMPTION

Answer 28

* Happens in rural subsistence economies * Need for family labour * High Birth rates * High momentum * Low death rate * Transition stage

Answer 29

The more the population will be

Answer 30

maintenan order by helping control externalities with subsidies and taxes

Answer 31

In term of **Energy content on mass basis** ; Alcohol, natural gases and biofuels _have much lower volumetric content_ than petrolium&diesel

Answer 32

% of travellers using a particular type of transportation or number of trip using those transports

Answer 33

the ease of travelling through a tranpost network * number of vehicles per hour * average time lost in traffic

Answer 34

Distributional equity: Future (potential) people and current people (or the poors/vulnerable people) “There is something inconsistent about people who profess to be terribly concerned the welfare of future generations but do not seem to be terribly concerned about the welfare of poor people today" relation with the concern of the future of our childrens or the the present of our poors.

Answer 35

mutual coercion

Answer 36

High proportion of reproductive and pre-reproductive groups of people creates momentum

Answer 37

distribution of good in the society

Answer 38

distribution. * quality of life * present and future generation * justice and equity * living within ecosystems limits No just about envrionmental concern, but where wider questions of social needs and welfare and economic opportunity

Answer 39

Pro-social action that has a cost to the individual, but benefit for everyone

Answer 40

* identify cost, to estimate strenght and wakness of alternative * identigy benefits and consequences * operating something can decrease its effectiveness

Answer 41

* Fuel * Parking * Maintenance

Answer 42

Technical improvments change in morality

Answer 43

the soybean in brazil

Answer 44

cost : * wages * equipment * taxes benefits : * subsidies * revenue from sales * interest on investment

Answer 45

1. Guided by core microeconomic assumptions 2. Focus is on decisions made by individuals with good information and good incentives with ability to aggregate uncertainty and intertemporal benits 3. collective behaviour usually aggregate Tto good information 4. missing parts are brought in to correct incentives where they have been identified as misaligned

Answer 46

No growth economy, that imply shift in economical and political structures but mostly cultural

Answer 47

mutual coercion

Answer 48

* Fuel Mineral * Coal * petrolium * Natural gaz * Non-fuel minerals * Non-metal * Metal * Cannot be replaced * Fixed stock is limited * availability measured in reserve

Answer 49

* Purchase of car * License fees * iNSURANCE

Answer 50

costs : * subsidies * new duties (road, streetlamp etc) Benefits : * money from taxes * fines

Answer 51

Sugar crops

Answer 52

1. Agricultural production 2. non-renewable resources 3. industrial output 4. pollution 5. population

Answer 53

* With the same fuel tank, you are not able to travel much less (your range become limited) * You need a much bigger tank * you have to refuel much more frequently So trade off with distance and payload capacity.

Answer 54

The ‘polluter pays’ principle is the commonly accepted practice that those who produce pollution should bear the costs of managing it to prevent damage to human health or the environment. For instance, a factory that produces a potentially poisonous substance as a by-product of its activities is usually held responsible for its safe disposal.

Answer 55

underpricing, excess production, and consumption of polluting commodities, a situation in which a group of people act to obtain short-term individual gains, which in the long run leads to a loss for the group as a whole

Answer 56

With low median age, and declining death rate, and fertility rate down to replacement level, the population will likely continue to grow over short and medium term

Answer 57

* Health care * war and conflicts * natural disaster * age structure

Answer 58

The ease of reaching a destination. It is not about speed but about the ability to get there Number of things accessible and close to you. Location based and Population based

Answer 59

1. Enhancing public transit service * improving its attractiveness and effectiveness * by ensureing safe and convinient pedestrian access 2. Pricing of road use * Increase marginal cost relative to transit * increase the prices of cars maintenance, parking, licences, insurance * wouldn't be acceptable without adequate transit systems 3. Increase the attractiveness of walking and cycling * increasing facilities and infrastructures * street lighting, road drainage, tree cover, bus bays, traffic and parking management, garbage disposal, public toilets.

Answer 60

**Quantitative** measures selected to assess progress toward or away from a stated goal.

Answer 61

**social analysis** looks at how a money making decision will affect larger economy you look at all the people the project could affect to see if it is a good decision

Answer 62

Goods that you put on your truck that pays your bills You want your energy to be occupying as less as possible space so you want fuel with high volumatric energy (problem with alternative)

Answer 63

* Import skilled labour (then no struggle to education them) * Baby bonuses * Working age * Tax deduction * Maternity/paternity leave * Child care subsidies * Remove contraception * Discourage or banning abortion * pubishable by death * childless couple need to show medical evidence

Answer 64

* manufactured and natural capital are **not substitutes**, but complement * Separate capital stock (human, social, natural and manufactured) very strong sustrainability would be to never deplete anything. Non-renewable resources couldn't be used

Answer 65

% of population within a distance of transportation

Answer 66

when a project uses more resources than it creates e.g., using 1000L gas for 10 fishes

Answer 67

The problem is not population growth but poverty It is not relevant to put some policies as contraception or abortion in LICs since the population doesn't know how to deal with it, but mostly need children as an asset for their family ($$$ and power) - Mahmood Mamdani

Answer 68

* from anthropocentric to biocentric * focus on the prevention of wilderness * envrionmentalism touched every religion * they see themselve as vanguard of US and world envrionmentalists

Answer 69

urban development and car taxes

Answer 70

The migration of the population from populated towns and cities to low density residential rural land.

Answer 71

Post reproductive (55 and higher yo)

Answer 72

* It reduces the supply of Corn, Wheat, Sugar cane * The prices of Wheat, sugar cane and corn will increase * The prices of substitute will increase too (other crops) * More land need to be brought in the cultivation of corn, wheat sugar cane and other crops

Answer 73

We should built free parking before the greenbelt to incite people to use public transportation and don't use their cars in the city. Would lead to * decrease of the traffic * increase of the room available for parking in the city

Answer 74

provide a substitute of equal value. Can be technologies, knowledge, doesnt have to be physical

Answer 75

OECD worldwide share of energy consumption in road transport

Answer 76

It is blended with gasoline and then most of the emission advantage of it disappear.

Answer 77

* The ultimate resource is human knowledge * Controlling growth would be immoral *

Answer 78

* Renewable * Non Renewable

Answer 79

* Energy security * Air pollution * Greenhouse gas emission * Importance of fuel cycle (well to wheel approach)

Answer 80

method to collect live fishes for aquariums by spraying a sodium cyanide to stunt the fish

Answer 81

* Scarcity is not the problem but a distraction * Real problem is Mal distribution * No human population boundary * No carrying capacity * technlology can overcome the problem * Principle of social scarcity

Answer 82

* Free riders * Not a lot of people will actually contribute * A lot of people will not pay, but will benefit from it anyway * Strategic Bias : People may inflate their WTP to achieve greater clean up if they think they won't actually have to pay * saying big number but knowing you'll not pay * Framing Bias: might respond differently depending on the way the question is asked. changin, rephrasing, reformulating to change people incentives...

Answer 83

extra utility consumer get by buying something it is not money or good Difference between WTP and what you actually pay

Answer 84

It is natural to share a club good among a group, but can easily be owned ## Footnote it is excludable but not rivalrous ex ; cinema, park, satelite tv

Answer 85

Invest in women paid employment (more than education) problem is that they get pressure to maximize male children

Answer 86

A hedonic regression estimates the value associated with an improved envrionment

Answer 87

individuals act from self interest for short term gain; each individual reasons that if he/she doesn't use the resource someone else will

Answer 88

1. overfishing of cod or atlantic tuna in the ocean 2. increased carbon dioxide emissions into the atmosphere 3. ground and surface water use by landowners 4. logging in tropical forests

Answer 89

1. Spatial convergence drivers uses other routes 2. Time convergence People who travel before peak hours 3. Modal convergence People who used to take public transport but switch to driving since it is faster

Answer 90

To control, to boost, to shrink population

Answer 91

200 million

Answer 92

* It is highly energy intensive * the grain need to be first converted to sugar * the process use a massive amount of natural gas * it is not labour intencive so very expensive $$

Answer 93

ethanol from sugar cane (like in brazil and india)

Answer 94

* Individual ownership reduces * Impacts on land use, space devoted to cars (now 30-40% in North america) * Reduce fossil fuel use elsewhere * congestion won't be reduced by making mobility easier on its own * need to be aware of other unintended consequences, social contract (ubbbber and taxis and truckers etc), physical activity.

Answer 95

1. To preparing the land, 2. Seeding 3. Growing the crops 4. Conversion to biofuels, 5. Production, 6. Shipping the crops to a processing center 7. Converte it to biofuels 8. Shipping the biofuels to refueling centers 9. Use of biofuels in automobile and the emissions. \*from the field to the wheel.

Answer 96

Because if a couple's child die, they'll create another one then it will pass from 1 to 2

Answer 97

grains like wheat and corn

Answer 98

* Large amount of meat * growth hormone and antibiotics * energy and water intensive * large amount of waste * food for sale * single crops, large plot * capital investment * machinery fossil fuel

Answer 99

roughage (crop residue)

Answer 100

1. Land use policies 2. Density heights 3. amount of parking 4. street infratructure 5. Transport policies

Answer 101

estimates the value of the variable associated with an improved environment to determine the relative importance of the variables which affect the price of a good or service. related to revealed valuation method

Answer 102

1. Good engine fuels (bon moteur) for RME (that is a biodiesel) 2. They have higher hydrogene to carbon ratio (so the combustion produces far less carbon dioxyde then the burning of gasoline and diesel) 3. Methane and Propane (natural gas) have very high energy content on a mass basis compared with gazoline and diesel

Answer 103

It is RIVALROUS It is not excludable fish stock, timber, coal

Answer 104

WTP and WTA

Answer 105

Pre-reproductive (0-14y)

Answer 106

* Soil erosion * Loss of soil fertility * **Loss of genetic diversity** * Climate change due to fossil fuel used in agriculture * 2/3 of water used for agriculture

Answer 107

It reduces the amount of crops used for food and feedlot availability

Answer 108

Approach to development that encourages a mix of building types and uses, diverse housing and transportation options, development within existing neighborhoods and community engagement. * Conserves resources * revitalizes existing communities * encourages re-use * vibrant mix-used development * transportation choices * Housing options near work and amenities

Answer 109

are fuels that are produced from agricultural crop : ethanol, barley, sugar cane, and so forth are biodiesel produced by oil seeds. Ex ; canola, coton see, peanuts etc

Answer 110

fresh water fisheries capture fish

Answer 111

* **Reliability** * Vehicle performance * Driveability * Cold start * Price relative to conventional fuels * Price relative to conventional vehicles * **Payload capacity** * Range * **Refuelling frequency** * Safety * Maintenance * Durability

Answer 112

* Small amount of meat * Natural grassland * labor intensive * waste return to soil * for subsistance * multiple crops * low investment * organic fertilizers

Answer 113

anything that does something of benefit measured by looking at price

Answer 114

Financial cost benefit are related to moné Economic costs benefit analysis related to Social

Answer 115

Maximum population of that species that can survive in that envrionment given resource needs and availability

Answer 116

Concern about _______ ; am i going to be able to get this fuel in a reliable way while driving from point A to point B

Answer 117

Very large number of older people where nobody takes care of them.

Answer 118

coercion = the act of making somebody do something that they do no want to do. Usually by threat or physical force So everybody need to do something they don't like to. like paying taxes, and paying parking

Answer 119

* Individual Transfarable quotas * Exclusive economic zone * Taxes * Selective gear * Precautionary Principle * Polluter Pays principle * Limited seasons

Answer 120

marginal benefit

Answer 121

as area decreases, species lost earlier in the reduction are more valuable as more extinction, decrease caring

Answer 122

* flow * non-storable (sun) * storable (water) * natural replenishment * Public property * constantly available

Answer 123

* The pricing valuation * The monetisation * The financialisation of nature, in the name of saving it

Answer 124

* Double cropping * fertilizers * more efficient irrigation * because 50% of water is lost * Drip irrigatoin system * Less water intensive crops *

Answer 125

old method : looking at the income they would have done new method : look at profession with similar work and compare their wage and danger diffrence eg. sherpa vs street market

Answer 126

* They don't grow easily * They aren't reliable in cold places * It is blended with diesel so it cancel the advantage of ggas emissions * It has a very high fuel cycle energy * It require massive amount of fertilizer and other inputs * High costs

Answer 127

When all people at all times have access to sufficient, safe, nutritious food to maintenant a healthy and active life.

Answer 128

subways and railways

Answer 129

overconsumption by the industrialized world and by urban elites in the third world. ## Footnote We don't adress the problem correctly, we put energy and effort on parks and designation of wildland that are managed for the benifits of the rich tourists instead of focusing on the lives of the poors (solow paradox)

Answer 130

Adding up costs of an engineering solution (for ecosystem evaluation) How much does it cost to replace ecosystem w/ human mechanism? - costs of replacing ecosystem services, adaptation of environmental damages

Answer 131

negative and positive results that are not reflected in market price, side effects, exists when the costs or benefits are either not fully shouldered by person(s) engaging or not fully captured by the person(s) engaging (+: benefits are enough that can't all be captured, -:if costs cannot be shouldered

Answer 132

People are concern about the future and not the actual situation that we need to fix.

Answer 133

nop, it will create the JEVONS paradox, even clean cars use space, pose danger to others, cause congestion.

Answer 134

* house prices * wage risks * travel cost

Answer 135

good that is proved by the nature

Answer 136

estimates the pleasure or utility associated with an improved environment

Answer 137

They are afraid of large resources decrease.

Answer 138

+ & - Something positive leads to something negative Something negative leads to something positive

Answer 139

what makes us feel good

Answer 140

* Deals with **uncertainty** and future heuristically, in accordance with the **precautionary principle** * Physical efficiency rather than pareto efficiency * allows broader systems to specify scale, seeing economics as a method with constrained scope and context

Answer 141

Reproductive (15-44)

Answer 142

Because transport more than any other sector is heavily dependant on petrolium. In the other sectors (e.g.industry, agriculture, residential, etc) some alternative has been found : solar energy, natural gas, electricity, etc, but not in transport.

Answer 143

* Increase human population * Increase human creativity * INNOVATION

Answer 144

* Income * transit policy * automobiles taxes * parking policies * licensing policies * roadway sobsidies * land use * housing policy

Answer 145

1. COAL 2. NATURAL GAZ 3. PETROLIUM (crude oil)

Answer 146

* Neighborhoods with the highest social disadvantage experience the worst exposures to traffic-related air pollution * The polluter-pay principle is mostly absent * There is a subset of highly disadvantaged communities who are exposed to levels of pollution that they have little to no role in producing

Answer 147

it suffest the role of the natural world is to promote economic growth

Answer 148

Phoenix, kananaskis, Courlay

Answer 149

Later, Longer, Fewer Later : postpone the first birth (increase marriage age) Longer : increase the time between children as much as possible Fewer : give birth to fewer kids

Answer 150

people have different opportunity cost, recreational opportunities

Answer 151

Yes, the total fertility rate decrease from 6 to 2,5 children per women

Answer 152

* Process of converting waste material into new material * Recover once original purpose is futfilled * Non-renewable resource

Answer 153

* supporting * cultural * regulating * provisionning

Answer 154

* Marriage age * free contraceptives * education * sterilization * abortions * health care

Answer 155

natural gases

Answer 156

They started to produce yellow corn when the demand for biofuel in the US increased, in order to produce ethanol. Then, the mexican started using white corn as a subsidy for yellow corn But yellow corn is the stapple of the production of tortillas. So the prices increased and availability decreased poor couldn't afford to buy white corn anymore

Answer 157

Theory based on experience on industrialized western nations that explains and describes the shift **from very high birth and death rates to very low** as society industrialize

Answer 158

* nutrition * sex education * age structure * custom and religion

Answer 159

* contingent valuation * consumer surplus * engineering approach * life satisfaction approach (human well being)

Answer 160

, nearly doubles greenhouse emissions over 30 years

Answer 161

extreme case of rebound effect

Answer 162

one way to fiture out how much people like stuff. it always implie a sacrifice

Answer 163

1968 Organization of indivuduals, scientists, economists, businessmen, former head of state, etc who share a common concern for the future of humanity and strive to make a difference Book ; limit of growth

Answer 164

Adding values **over people**: Who is included? How do we weigh values of different people? What is equitable - Adding benefits occuring **over time** : Benefits the future generations - Over **possible outcomes** : We don't know what will happen, creates _risks and uncertainty_ _temps, individus, futur_

Answer 165

Even without scientific proof, society should take action where there is the potential of irreversible consequences

Answer 166

* Improvement in nutrition * Improvement in personal hygiene * public health * income

Answer 167

1. pure time preference 2. future will be richer/poorer 3. cost of capital 4. inflation (irrelevant)

Answer 168

car accident (8th leading cause of death worldwide)

Answer 169

* Asset classes in an ecosystems market * ecosystem services (only to serve us) * natural capital * green infrastructure

Answer 170

* pure time preference * increasing wealth * real interest rates NOT INFLATION

Answer 171

LOWER VOLUMETRIC CONTENT

Answer 172

The distance traveled b . food items from the farm to the consumer average of 4230 for all ingredients

Answer 173

Transitional * CBR \> CDR * more birth than death * Many low income countries * many countries are "stuck in it * Europe 1750

Answer 174

Number of children a couple must have to replace themselves

Answer 175

use indicators to make specific desired endpoints

Answer 176

All the way from : 1. Getting the fuel out of the ground 2. To processing it 3. To transforming it 4. To distributing it to refueling centres, 5. To using it in motorvehicle. 6. To emissions created

Answer 177

Hardin ; * Common property resources are inevitably degrated and deplete to the detriment of all * freedom in commons resources ruins it for all because everyone makes individual choices * individuals act from self interest for short term gain; * each individual reasons that if he/she doesn't use the resource someone else will

Answer 178

A finite world can only suppot a finite population (not against population control at all.)

Answer 179

the intent of introducing beautification and monumental grandeur

Answer 180

Their volumetric energy content is LOW. * They need to refuel constantly * By getting alternative, they would get a smaller payload capacity * Their range of distance would be lesser

Answer 181

as that became diverted to biofuels production, the price of casava increased creating food security issues for the poor.

Answer 182

* human * natural

Answer 183

1. administrative criteria 2. population density 3. urban infrastructure (paved road, sewage, lightning, etc) 4. threshold population size 5. economic function

Answer 184

A resource that is free and available to everyone

Answer 185

Average number of children a women is likely to have during her child bearing years Niger ; 7,2 children High Income countries ; 1,7 children

Answer 186

LAND USE CHANGE

Answer 187

INDIVIDUAL TRANSFARABLE QUOTAS

Answer 188

non-market good as the explanatory variable

Answer 189

* Much higher feedstock levels * Would not compete with food and land suitable for food crops * Would use lower fertilizer requirements * Would help rural development and farm incomes * Would help for waste management

Answer 190

Gasoline and diesel

Answer 191

measures the amount of money people axpend to use a resource ie. going to yosemite park = paying ticket and transportation

Answer 192

* 1,25 vehicles to change * Massive amount of time and investment to replace conventional fuels vehicles * Massive investment in refueling infrastructure

Answer 193

1. As you get increase in biofuel demand, forest and grassland are being cut down for biofuels production, which means no absorbtion of carbon anymore. 2. As more corn and wheat are diverted to biofuel production in the US and EU, exports of corn and wheat go down globally and corn and wheat production then has to be moved elsewhere which involve more land use in those other places because the yield are much lower.

Answer 194

* Human population grow exponentially * Food supply grows at a much _slower rate_ than population * People are poor because of population growth * pessimist view * Doesn't think that sending money to poor people would eventually worsen their living conditions since they could mistakenly think that they can support a bigger family

Answer 195

+ & + something _positive_ leads to something _positive_

Answer 196

will take 5% of crop land in the EU and 8% of cropland in US,

Answer 197

Mahmood Mamdani 1946

Answer 198

Manufactured capital can substitute for natural capital SUUUUBBBSTITUTE Implies strong development. E.G. Cutting down forest as long as human get economic advantages Higher the conusumption of resources is and faster the growth in technology is, that is better for the future.

Answer 199

**Industrial** * Confidence in survivors * Rising income * Urbanization * Birth rate is decreasing * Population starts to slow

Answer 200

Replenishment is greater than consumption rate at which you can extract **renewable resources** without compremising current rate of extraction in the future e.g. fish and timber not non-renewable resources rate of which renewable resource can be extracted without compromising.

Answer 201

1. social trap, 2. excess consumption of ecosystem services, 3. excessive consumption of public goods, 4. free-rider effect, 5. no incentive to reduce pollution, recycling/ reuse of polluting substances is discouraged bc easier to dump

Answer 202

* data availability * spatial and temporal scale * importance of logic and consistency amon goals, indicators and target

Answer 203

People will act individually even though it is better to to cooperate. Non-cooperative action is preferred no matter what other player chose to do. DOMINANT STRATEGY

Answer 204

* Use of plow, draft animal, irrigation, seed selection * led to sedentary civilizations * cHARACTERIZED by human labour * developed food storage

Answer 205

businesses that work for their own benefit and want to maximize profits

Answer 206

70/ annual growth rate % The number of time it takes for a population to double

Answer 207

city in India is an exception to the population problem because of its **matriarchal values** and **socialist structure**?

Answer 208

enveryone on the same level

Answer 209

Because the _previous high fertility produced a high population_ of young people who will bear children in the future. Couple may be having fewer children but _they are more_, this perpetuate population momentum.

Answer 210

* Empower women * employment and literacy for women * family planning services * health services * providing cheap _fuel_ and potable water will reduce the usefulness of extra-hand

Answer 211

* number (labor suply) * intelligence (innovation, technology and capital)

Answer 212

The number of death per 1000 live birth of children under one year of age

Answer 213

obligation to the future

Answer 214

People * child survival * life expectancy * education * equity * equal opportunity Economy * wealth * productive sectors * consumption society * institution * social capital * states * regions

Answer 215

conceptual _benefits of nature humanity gets for free_ use vs. non use vs. option examples: water purification, crop pollination, wild food, recreation

Answer 216

2100 ! And in India, the population is as well suppose to stabilize around 2050

Answer 217

on fertility rate (number of children a women has during her childbearing years) because more a women have children and more the population momentum will grow.

Answer 218

Everyone is acting for there self-interests to get as much gain as possible

Answer 219

It relates to : * **justice** * **equity** * **quality of life** * **social aspects** * present and future generation * living within ecosystems limits

Answer 220

feed stock

Answer 221

ETHANOL which is produced from. 1. Cereal grain of corn, wheat, barley 2. Sugar crops from sugar cane 3. Cellulosic materials (grasses, trees) 4. Organic waste material.

Answer 222

1. Because the motor vehicule ownership has increased a LOT (particularly in other parts of the world) 2. Because it is extremely difficult to control the energy consumption in the transport sector, since there is an infinite number of different vehicules and people that makes infinite number of choices relation to their transportation, related to operation, maintenance, purchase, use and so on.

Answer 223

Any urban, suburban or villages development or even a single building that combines _residential_, _commercial,_ _cultural_, or _indsutrial usage_, within a relatively _dense area_, and that provides pedestrian connections.

Answer 224

**The assessment of the envrionmental impact** of a given product of service throughout its lifespand Goal : to compare which fuel has the best envrionmental performances

Answer 225

Delhi, NYC, BKK

Answer 226

gazoline price

Answer 227

looking at different solution options of a problem to see which is the most solution for the least cost

Answer 228

* More than any other sectors, it is in transport that you want your energy producing fuel to occupy as little space as possible * You want as much space for your payload

ENVR201 Flashcards

(268 cards)