Enzyme Cell and Membrane Test

Question 1

What is a catalyst?

Answer 1

Substance that speeds reaction

Question 2

Enzyme shape determines which reaction it catalyzes (same both sides)

Answer 2

Enzyme shape determines which reaction it catalyzes

Question 3

Why are enzymes considered to be biological catalysts?

Answer 3

speed reaction, works under living organism conditions

Question 4

Describe the model of induced fit

Answer 4

Enzyme changes shape/confirmation so enzyme can bind to substrate

Question 5

Enzymes substrate complex and what happens at an active site

Answer 5

Enzyme binds to one or more substrate,
converts to one or more product, Catalyze reaction repeats and binds

Question 6

How does an active site differ from an allosteric site

Answer 6

Active site: location for catalyse reaction, hydrophobic
Allosteric site: changes shape in enzyme

Question 7

Cofactor

Answer 7

-non protein group
-binds to enzyme
-metals
-production of energy function requires cofactor

Question 8

Coenzyme

Answer 8

-Shuttle molecules from one enzyme to another
-NAD is electron carrier of pathways
-Organic molecule acts as cofactor for enzyme

Question 9

methods of enzyme inhibition

Answer 9

-Lowers catalyzes rate
-Decrease activity
-Fits in active site
-Block access to normal substrate thats why activity is slow

Question 10

Competitive inhibition

Answer 10

-Concentration is high enough it stops completely
-They compete for a spot in the active site

Question 11

Non competitive

Answer 11

-don’t compete for a spot
-bind to a location other than the active site
-Can’t bind easily because they change shape

Question 12

Allosteric sites

Answer 12

-behave like non competitive reversible inhibitors.
-Bind to site thats not active site, changes shape

Question 13

Allosteric regulation

Answer 13

-protein affected by a molecule binding to another site that’s not the active site

Question 14

Role of feedback inhibition

Answer 14

-Product of allosteric regulation
-Prevents resources being wasted

Question 15

Feedback inhibition examples

Answer 15

-thermostat connected to heater
-a cell does not need to break down glucose if there’s enough energy

Question 16

Animal cells vs plant cells

Answer 16

-Animal cells have a centrosome and lysosomes
-Plant cells have a cell wall, chloroplasts, plastids, vacuole

Question 17

Eukaryotes vs prokaryots

Answer 17

-Eukaryotes internal components organelles. cytoskeleton. Mitosis cell division
-Prokaryotes have no membrane. Nucleoid dna. Sexual and asexual

Question 18

4 ROLES OF MEMBRANE PROTEINS *

Answer 18

Transport,
enzyme,
triggering signals,
Attachment and recognition

Question 19

DEFINITION OF
Transport
Enzyme activity
Triggering signals
Attachment and recognition

Answer 19

Transport ions across membrane
Enzyme activity membrane proteins act as enzymes
Triggering signals binding chemicals trigger changes
Attachment and recognition internal and external membrane attachment point for cytoskeleton

Question 20

main role of protien membrane 1/4
Transport

Answer 20

Transport ions across membrane

Question 21

main role of protien membrane 2/4
Enzyme activity

Answer 21

Enzyme activity membrane proteins act as enzymes

Question 22

main role of protien membrane 3/4
Triggering signals

Answer 22

Triggering signals binding chemicals trigger changes

Question 23

main role of protien membrane 4/4
Attachment and recognition

Answer 23

Attachment and recognition internal and external membrane attachment point for cytoskeleton

Question 24

Integral membrane

Answer 24

Integral membrane protein embedded in lipid bilayer

Question 25

Peripheral membrane

Answer 25

Peripheral membrane protein on surface

Question 26

Passive transport

Answer 26

-moves substances across membrane without energy -diffusion drives passive transport

Question 27

Active transport

Answer 27

Active transport uses energy to move molecules from low to high concentration, uses pumps

Question 28

concentration gradient

Answer 28

Influence movement of solute, moves down gradient, energy required, atp

Question 29

Diffusion

Answer 29

Diffusion is movement from high concentration to low

Question 30

Osmosis

Answer 30

Osmosis diffusion of water across membrane

Question 31

Hypotonic

Answer 31

Hypotonic lower solute concentration, can burst

Question 32

Hypertonic

Answer 32

Hypertonic higher solute concentration, can shrink

Question 33

Isotonic

Answer 33

Isotonic same concentration as others

Question 34

Channel proteins

Answer 34

Channel proteins hydrophilic pathway, water molecules pass through

Question 35

Carrier proteins

Answer 35

Protein carries and transport across bilayer

Question 36

Primary active

Answer 36

Primary active directly utilizes energy, lower to high concentration, Na k pump,

Question 37

Secondary Active

Answer 37

Secondary Active relies on primary energy, symport same direction, antiport opposite direction

Question 38

** Na K

Answer 38

Na K pump sodium ions out, potassium ions in, ATP changes shape of protien, resembles nerve

Question 39

Role of ATP in transport

Answer 39

-Atp used to move substances against their gradients, -immediate energy source -Used with exocytosis and endocytosis

Question 40

Endocytosis (enter)

Answer 40

Endocytosis goes into the cell, carries proteins and large molecules into cell (enter)

Question 41

Exocytosis (exit)

Answer 41

Exocytosis protein and waste out of cell (exit)

Question 42

Phagocytosis

Answer 42

Phagocytosis cell eating

Question 43

Pinocytosis

Answer 43

Pinocytosis cell drinking, water taken in

Question 44

Receptor-mediated endocytosis

Answer 44

-Molecules taken in bound by receptors - forms vesicle fuses with lysosome

Question 45

Role and process of exocytosis

Answer 45

Vesicle formation (waste is trapped), vesicle transport (waste moving towards membrane), membrane fusion, release

Question 46

Lock and key model

Answer 46

Must have same shape for bonding

Question 47

Enzymes function by

Answer 47

-lowering activation - TWISTING AND BENDING

Question 48

Inducer and inhibitor

Answer 48

Inducer: increase activity Inhibit: slow things down

Question 49

Enzyme activator

Answer 49

promotes enzyme function in turned off enzymes

Question 50

** Selectivity Permeable

Answer 50

-allows certain molecules to pass through, large molecules cant pass without surgars

Question 51

Protiens can be amphipathic

Answer 51

polar and non polar

Question 52

Things that effect diffusion

Answer 52

high to low concentration and pressure

Question 53

Tonicity

Answer 53

size of cell will change turgor

Question 54

Result of osmosis

Answer 54

hypertonic

Question 55

Phospholipid tails are.. Phospholipid heads are..

Answer 55

hydrophobic tail hydrophilic heads

Question 56

Simple disfusion

Answer 56

small nonpolar substances move across membrane