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Enzymes Flashcards

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1
Q

Acid Sphingomyelinase

A

breaks down sphingomyelin into ceramide and phosphorylcholine

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2
Q

Na/K ATPase

A

Na moves out, K moves in

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3
Q

Sodium Calcium Exchanger

A

Na moves in, Ca moves out. Coupled with Na/K pump

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4
Q

GLUT 1

A

ubiquitous, high expression in RBCs and brain, high affinity for glucose

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5
Q

GLUT 2

A

found in liver and pancreas, low glucose affinity

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6
Q

GLUT 3

A

main transporter in neurons, high affinity

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7
Q

GLUT 4

A

skeletal muscle, heart, and adipose, insulin dependent, lower affinity for glucose

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8
Q

Hexokinase/Glucokinase

A

Hexo-found every where, Gluco-found in liver, pancreatic B cells
Regulatory protein that traps glucose inside cells
Inhibited by Glucose 6P, glucagon, fructose6p
Promoted by Glucose, Fructose1P and Insulin

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9
Q

Phosphoglucose Isomerase

A

Isomerization of G6P to F6P

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10
Q

PFK-1

A

Rate limiting step, inhibit by ATP and citrate, F6P to F1,6BP

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11
Q

Aldolase A

A

Cleaves F1,6BP into DHAP and G3P

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12
Q

Triose phosphate isomerase

A

Interconverts DHAP and G3P

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13
Q

Glyceraldehyde 3P Dehydrogenase

A

phosphorylate G3P, creates NADH

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14
Q

Phosphoglycerate kinase

A

Conversion of 1,3BPG to 3PG

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15
Q

Pyruvate kinase

A

Formation of 2pyruvate, releases 2 ATP

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16
Q

How is glucokinase regulated?

A

F6P promotes translocation of GK to the nucleus, High glucose promotes GK release from GK-RP

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17
Q

How is PFK-1 regulated?

A

RATE LIMITING, F6P to F-1,6-BP, it is inhibited by ATP and citrate, it is activated by AMP and F2,6BP (formed by PFK-2), dephosphorylated form is favored by insulin, phosphorylated form is favored by glucagon

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18
Q

How is pyruvate kinase regulated?

A

PK catalyzes the conversion of PEP into pyruvate. It is activated by F1,6BP and insulin. It is inhibited by ATP, Ala, and glucagon, active form is dephosphorylated.

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19
Q

What are the four enzymes in gluconeogenesis that bypass the regulated enzymes of glycolysis?

A

Pyruvate carboxylase, PEP carboxykinase, F1,6BPase, Glucose 6-phosphatase

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20
Q

How is pyruvate carboxylase regulated?

A

Catalyzes the first step of of gluconeogenesis (pyruvate to OAA), it requires a biotin cofactor and is activated by acetyl CoA and cortisol

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21
Q

Mitochondrial malate dehydrogenase

A

OAA reduced to malate

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22
Q

Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK)

A

decarboxylate and phosphorylate OAA to PEP, activated by cortisol, glucagon, and thyroxine

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23
Q

Fructose 1,6 Bisphosphatase

A

RATE LIMITING, F1,6BP to F6P, activated by cortisol and citrate, inhibited by AMP and F2,6BP

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24
Q

Glucose 6-Phosphatase

A

dephosphorylation to form glucose, only in liver, kidneys, SI, and pancreas. Activated by cortisol

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25
Aldose reductase
reduces sorbitol to glucose
26
Sorbitol dehydrogenase
oxidizes sucrose to fructose
27
Glucose 1P Uridyltransferase
able to convert galactose 1-P to glucose 1-P by transferring UDP from UDP-glucose to galactose.
28
Lactase
Latate to glucose and galactose
29
Galactokinase
Converts galactose to galactose 1-P
30
G6P dehydrogenase
RATE LIMITING, Reduced glutathione to oxidized glutathione, produces 2 NADPH
31
Transketolase
TPP required as coenzyme, catalyzed transfer of 2C
32
Transaldose
catalyzes transfer of 3C segments
33
Phosphoglucomutase
isomerizes G6P to G1P
34
UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase
G1P to UDP-Glucose
35
Glycogen synthase
RATE LIMITING, UDP-glucose to non reducing end of glycogen chain, dephospho form active, phospho form inactive
36
glucosyl (4:6) transferase
reattaches glycogen chain broken off (after 11 residues) via a-1,6 bond
37
glycogen phosphorylase
RATE LIMITING in chain shortening, cleaves glucose residues off non-reducing end as G1P, uses vitamin B6, dephospho form is inactive, phospho form is active
38
Debranching enzyme
transfer block of 3 of remaining 4 remaining branch to the main chain, then cleaves a-1,6 bond
39
pyruvate kinase
dephosphorylates PEP, phosphorylates AdP
40
phosphoglycerate kinase
dephosphorylate 1,3-BPG to 3-phosphoglycerate, phosphorylates ADP
41
Creatine kinase
dephosphorylates phosphocreatine, phosphorylates ADP
42
Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex
phosphorylated form is inactive, occurs in TPP, dephosphorylated is active
43
Citrate synthase
OAA + Acetyl CoA = citrate
44
aconitase
citrate to isocitrate, reversible
45
isocitrate dehydrogenase
isocitrate to a-ketoglutarate, NADH released
46
a-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase
a-ketoglutarate to succinyl coA, NADH released
47
succinate thiokinase
Succinyl CoA to Succinate, GTP released
48
Succinate dehydrogenase
succinate to fumarate, FADH2 released
49
fumarase
fumarate to malate
50
malate dehydrogenase
malate to OAA, releases NADH
51
Complex 1
NADH dehydrogenase, inhibited by amytal, rotenone, myxothiazol, piercidin A; involves Fe-S, 4 protons pumped in
52
Complex II
succinate dehydrogenase, inhibited by malate; involves Fe-S clusters, transfers 2 e-
53
Complex III
cytochrome-c reductase, inhibited by antimycin; involves Fe-S clusters, 2 H into matrix
54
Complex IV
cytochrome c oxidase, inhibited by Cyanide, CO, H2S; Cu clusters, 4H in, forms water
55
Complex V
ATP synthase, inhibited by oligomycin, moves protons from one side of membrane to the other
56
Citrate lyase
Citrate to acetyl coA and OAA
57
Acetyl CoA Carboxylase
RATe LIMITING IN FA SYNTHESIS, adds CO2 to Acetyl CoA and creates malonyl coa, uses ATP and biotin , citrate upregulates, LCFAs inhibit, insulin activates, epi, glucagon, and AMP deactivate
58
Fatty Acid Synthase compelx
composed of 2 identical dimers, 7 enzyme activities and an acyl carrier protein, each part participates in the condensation, reduction, dehydration, and reduction, production increased by insulin and glucocorticoid hormones, high carb/low fat diets increase, high fat diets lower, high PUFA suppresses
59
Acyl CoA Desaturases
introduces double bonds in FA
60
Hormone-sensitive lipase
TAG to DAG, inhibited by insulin, promoted by glucagon, epinephrine, and norepinephrine
61
Lipoprotein lipase
DAG to MAG
62
Monoacylglycerol lipase
MAG to glycerol
63
Fatty acyl CoA synthetase
Fatty acid to Fatty acyl CoA
64
CPT-1
Carnitine palmitoyltransferase I, fatty acyl CoA to Fatty acyl carnitine, malonyl CoA inhibits; RATE LIMITING
65
CACT
Carnitine-acylcarnitine translocase, moves fatty acyl-carnitine into the cell and carnitine out of the cell
66
CPT II
Carnitine palmitoyltransferase II, converts fatty acyl carnitine to Fatty acyl CoA
67
Acyl CoA Dehydrogenase
oxidizes beta carbon to produce FADH2 and trans-enoyl-CoA in beta oxidation
68
Enoyl CoA Hydratase
saturates alkene with water to form beta hydroxy acyl CoA
69
B hydroxy acyl CoA dehydrogenase
beta hydroxy acyl CoA is oxidized to form ketoacyl CoA
70
Acyl CoA acyl transferase
forms a ketone and shortens fatty acyl chain by 2C
71
Propionyl CoA Carboxylase
carboxylates propionyl CoA to form methylmalonyl-CoA
72
Methylmalonyl-CoA Mutase
genertes succinyl-CoA from methylmalonyl-CoA
73
Exopeptidase
attacks at C- or N- terminus ends
74
Endopeptidase
attacks within the protein at a specific site
75
Enterokinase
activates trypsinogen
76
Cystothionine B-synthase
with the use of PLP converts homocysteine to cystathionine
77
Branched chain a-keto acid dehydrogenase complex
converts Leu to acetoacetate, deficiency results in MSUD
78
Phenylalanine hydroxylase
Converts Phe to Tyr, deficiency results in PKU
79
glutamate dehydrogenase
converts a-KG to Glu
80
Glutamine synthetase
converts Glu to Gln
81
Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase
Creates carbamoyl phosphate, Rate limiting step in urea cycle, up regulated by NAG
82
PRPP Synthetase
used in purine de novo synthesis, utilizes ATP, activates ribose 5-phosphate, activated by phosphate levels, negatively regulated by GMP, AMP, and IMP
83
Glutamine:phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate aminotransferase
PRPP to PRA, upregulated by PRPP, down regulated by purine nucleotides
84
adenylosuccinate synthetase
IMP to AMP, negatively controled by AMP
85
IMP Dehydrogenase
IMP to XMP, negatively controlled by GMP
86
aspartate transcarbamoylase
carbmoyl phosphate to carbamoyl aspartate, RAME LIMITING step in pyrimidine synthesis
87
carbamoyl phosphate synthetase II
activated by PRPP and inhibited by UTP, Gln to carbamoyl phosphate
88
UMP synthase
Orotate (+PRPP) to OMP, defect results in orotic aciduria
89
Adenosine deaminase
Irreversible hydrolytic deamination of adenosine to inosine
90
Xanthine oxidase
Hypoxanthine to xanthine to uric acid
91
Adenine phosphoribosyltransferase
generates AMP from adenine and PRPP
92
Hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase
HGPRT, generates GMP or IMP
93
AMP-activated protein kinase
cellular energy sensor, activated by low ATP, phosphorylates targets that control cellular energy production and consumption

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