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Biology 12 > Enzymes Test > Flashcards

Enzymes Test Flashcards

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0
Q

What is the shape of an enzyme?

A

Quaternary/Tertiary

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1
Q

What is an enzyme?

A

Catalyst that speeds up a reaction in cells due to its shape/size

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2
Q

What is a coenzyme?

A

Organic addition to the protein portion that completes the enzyme

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3
Q

What is a numerous enzyme?

A

Full functional ability

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4
Q

What is an example a numerous enzyme?

A

Vitamins; vitamin c with scurvy

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5
Q

What is a cofactor?

A

Non organic atom or molecule which complete shape and reactivity

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6
Q

What is an active site?

A

Specifically shaped area that matches the substrate

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7
Q

Explain the lock and key analogy

A

The lock and key analogy is the relationship between an enzyme and a substrate. This analogy states that a substrate and an enzyme fit together like a lock and key because the active site only matches 1 substrate.

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8
Q

What is metabolism?

A

Metabolism is the combination of the biochemical reactions and pathways that occur in cells

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9
Q

What is thyroxin?

A

A protein hormone

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10
Q

What is the job of the thyroid?

A

The thyroid gland accumulates iodine by active transport in order to produce thyroxin (increasing the rate of metabolism)

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11
Q

What is a substrate?

A

Molecules that react with enzymes

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12
Q

What is an example of catabolism?

A

The cleaving of a single substrate into two(smaller) products

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13
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

The maintenance of a relatively constant set of internal body conditions

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14
Q

What is induced fit?

A

Change in shape of active site of an enzyme so that it binds more snugly to the substrate

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15
Q

What is degradation?

A

The substrate is broken down to smaller products and adding water

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16
Q

What is an example of degradation?

A

Digestion

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17
Q

What is synthesis?

A

Substrates combine to produce larger product and removing water

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18
Q

Why is an example of synthesis?

A

Building of new cells

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19
Q

What is energy of activation?

A

Energy required for RxN to take place

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20
Q

Metabolic pathways=?

A

Series of links RxN’s required for the proper function of cells

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21
Q

What are some effects on enzyme activity?

A

pH, temperature and concentration

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22
Q

What is the effect of optimal temperature on enzymes?

A
  • Chemical RxN’s speed up as temp is increased due to faster molecular motion
  • Enzymes active site is permanently changed
  • RxN rate is drastically increased b/c active site can’t bond to substrate
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23
Q

What effect does pH have on an enzyme function?

A
  • too low/high pH will break hydrogen bonds between R-groups
  • change enzyme shape
  • active site perminantely change/denatured, can’t bind to substrate
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24
What is denaturation?
Loss of shape (occurs as H bonds break)
25
What causes denaturation?
* acidic/alkaline environments change enzyme shape | * heat--> movement which disturb weak bones
26
What are the functions of the digestive system?
1) ingest food 2) digest it into nutrients 3) absorb nutrients 4) eliminate indigestible nutrients
27
Name the 14 organs of the digestive system:
1) pharnyx 2)mouth 3)tongue 4)stomach 5)pancreas 6)small intestine 7)rectum 8)salivary glands 9)esophagus 10)liver 11)gall bladder 12)large intestine 13)appendix 14) anus
28
What is the correct order of the food passage?
``` Mouth Pharnyx Esophagus Stomach Small intestine Large intestine Rectum Anus ```
29
What are the (2) processes of digestion?
1) chemical process of hydrolysis: polymers ---> monomers | 2) mechanical grinding + mixing food
30
What are the main nutrients of the digestive system?
Proteins, fats, nucleic acids and carbohydrates; converted into small AA, monosaccharides, nucleotides and fatty acids
31
What is an accessory organ?
Outside of, but not connected to alimentary canal
32
What are the functions of accessory organs?
* produce chemicals (enzymes) used during digestion | * produce enzymes released into alimentary canal
33
What is the purpose of the tongue?
To mix food w/ saliva
34
What does saliva contain?
Amylase, water and mucous
35
List 6 functions of the liver
1) recycles hemoglobin 2) produces bile 3) detoxifies blood 4) stores iron + vitamins 5) produces urea 6) produces plasma proteins
36
What are the functions of a gull bladder?
Stores bile, releases into small intestine where it emulsifies fat
37
What are the functions of the pancreas?
* produces pancreatic juice | * digestive enzymes + sodium bio carbonate
38
What enzymes are present in the mouth?
Salivary amylase
39
What is the pH of the mouth?
6.9-7.0
40
What happens in the mouth?
Mechanical digestion of food
41
What are the enzymes present in the esophagus?
None
42
pH. of esophagus?
7
43
What happens in the esophagus?
Food passes from mouth to stomach by peristalsis
44
Enzymes present in the stomach?
* HCl | * pepsin
45
pH of stomach?
1-3
46
What are the enzymes present in the small intestine?
Pancreatic juice | Bile
47
pH of small intestine?
8.5
48
What happens in the stomach?
Mechanical/chemical digestion
49
What occurs in the small intestine?
Proteins, carbohydrates, lipids
50
Enzymes present in large intestine?
Water is absorbed from unusable, indigestible wastes (feces)
51
Enzymes present in LI?
None
52
pH in large intestine?
n/a
53
What is the process of swallowing?
1. Tongue pushes food boils to back of mouth 2. Soft palate covers nasopharnyx 3. Epiglottis covers glottis; the larnx moves up 4. Peristalsis pushes bolus down esophaus 5. Breathing can not take place because the trachea is sealed
54
What are the 2 layers in the esophagus?
1) circular-constrict/lengthen | 2) longitudinal- shorten
55
What (4) organs control the flow of nutrients?
Stomach SI LI Rectum/Anus
56
What is pylorksphincter?
It controls flow of acid chime in SI
57
What is cardiac sphincter?
Keeps acid chyme from entering esophagus
58
Role of cardiac sphincter in stomach:
- prevents heart burn | - seals the stomach for mixing of gastric juice
59
Length of stomach?
About 25mm long
60
What allows the stomach to hold up to 4L?
Folded lining called the RUGAE
61
What is the purpose of gastric juice?
- kills bacteria - breaks down connective tissue - pepsinogen-->pepsin
62
pH of mouth?
6.9-7
63
pH of stomach:
1-3
64
List the process of carbohydrate digestion?
1. Begins in mouth (carbohydrate+water+salivary amylase-->maltose 2. continues in duodenum (carbohydrate+h20+pancreatic amylase--> maltose) 3. Completed in SI (maltose+water+maltose -->glucose)
65
List the process of protein digestion:
1. Begins in stomach (protein+water+pepsin--> peptides 2. Continues in duodenum (protein+water+trypsin--> peptides) 3. completed in small intestine (peptides+water+peptidase--> AA
66
Where does fat digestion occur?
Duodenum
67
Where does lipase take place?
Pancreas
68
Digestion is facilitated by...
Bile
69
Is fat digestion chemical or mechanical
Mechanical
70
Nucleic acid occurs in..
In duodenum
71
Nucleic acid is secreted by..
Pancreas and intestines
72
Length of SI?
6-7.5
73
Where are enzymes activated?
Intestine
74
Vili
Finger like projections
75
Villius is covered by?
Micro villi
76
What nutrient are transported into blood capillaries? (In villus)
AA, glucose and nucleotides are transported into the blood capillaries in the villus
77
Through what vein are nutrients transported from the liver to the body ?
Hepatic vein distributes nutrients from the liver to the rest of the body
78
How is fat carried?
Fatty acids and glycerol are absorbed, reassembled and transported from the lacteal--> lymphatic system
79
The large intestine is designed to...?
To absorb water, salts, vitamins, mineral & other nutrients extracted by waste by ecoli
80
Name/explain the 2 glands in the pancreas
``` Exocrine gland (secretes digestive enzymes and sodium biocarbonate) Endocrine gland (synthesizes protein hormones and glycogen into blood) ```
81
What is the difference between hyperglycaemia and hypycemia?
HYPER-high blood glucose | HYPO-low blood glucose

Biology 12 (2 decks)

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