EOC

Question 0

movement of molecules across a membrane requiring energy to be expended by the cell

Answer 0

active transport

Question 1

energy needed to start a chemical reaction; lowered by enzymes

Answer 1

Activation energy

Question 2

inherited characteristic that increases an organism’s chance of survival

Answer 2

adaptation

Question 3

the different forms of a gene; could be dominant or recessive

Answer 3

allele

Question 4

basic building blocks of proteins

Answer 4

amino acid

Question 5

structures that do not have a common evolutionary origin but are similar in form or function

Answer 5

analogous structures

Question 6

the third phase of mitosis, during which the chromosome pairs separate and move toward opposite poles

Answer 6

anaphase

Question 7

compound that blocks the growth and reproduction of bacteria

Answer 7

antibiotic

Question 8

a substance produced by the body that destroys or inactivates a pathogen that has entered the body

Answer 8

antibody

Question 9

substance (usually foreign) that stimulates the production of an antibody

Answer 9

antigen

Question 10

domain of unicellular prokaryotes that have cell walls that do not contain peptidoglycan

Answer 10

archaea

Question 11

a nucleotide that stores and transfers energy within cells

Answer 11

ATP

Question 12

organism that can capture energy from sunlight or chemicals and use it to produce its own food; also called a producer

Answer 12

autotroph

Question 13

domain of unicellular prokaryotes that have cell walls containing peptidoglycans

Answer 13

bacteria

Question 14

virus that infects bacteria

Answer 14

bacteriophage

Question 15

mutation which results in the loss of nucleotide pairs in a gene; have a major effect on the resulting protein

Answer 15

base deletion

Question 16

mutation which results in the addition of nucleotide pairs in a gene; have a major effect on the resulting protein

Answer 16

base insertion

Question 17

a type of point mutation where one nucleotide and its partner are replaced by another pair of nucleotides

Answer 17

base-pair substitution

Question 18

an inherited behavior that helps an organism survive; like escaping from predators or find a mate

Answer 18

behavioral adaptation

Question 19

asexual reproduction in prokaryotes by which one cell divides into two identical cells

Answer 19

binary fission

Question 20

an unborn or unhatched vertebrate in the later stages of development showing the main recognizable features of the mature animal

Answer 20

fetus

Question 21

a rise in the temperature of the body

Answer 21

fever

Question 22

the ability of an individual to survive and reproduce in its specific environment

Answer 22

fitness

Question 23

a series of steps in which organisms transfer energy by eating and being eaten

Answer 23

food chain

Question 24

a diagram that shows the feeding relationships between organisms in an ecosystem

Answer 24

food web

Question 25

the remains (or an impression) of a plant or animal that existed in a past geological age and that has been excavated from the soil

Answer 25

fossil

Question 26

egg or sperm sex cell that contains a single set of chromosomes (haploid), one from each homologous pair

Answer 26

gamete

Question 27

sequence of DNA that codes for a protein and thus determines a trait

Answer 27

gene

Question 28

Classification system in which each species is assigned a two-part scientific name including the genus and species

Answer 28

binomial nomenclature

Question 29

the variety of different species in a given area

Answer 29

biodiversity

Question 30

process in which elements, chemical compounds, and other forms of matter are passed from one organism to another and from one part of the biosphere to another; like the carbon and nitrogen cycle

Answer 30

biogeochemical cycle

Question 31

the total amount of living matter within a given trophic level

Answer 31

biomass

Question 32

the outer covering of protein surrounding the nucleic acid of a virus

Answer 32

capsid

Question 33

organic compound used by cells to store and release energy; composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

Answer 33

carbohydrate

Question 34

the organic circulation of carbon from the atmosphere into organisms and back again

Answer 34

carbon cycle

Question 35

a consumer that only eats other consumers

Answer 35

Carnivores

Question 36

substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction; like an enzyme

Answer 36

catalyst

Question 37

basic unit of life

Answer 37

Cell

Question 38

the cycle of growth and reproduction of a cell, consisting of interphase (g1, s, g2) and mitosis (division of the nucleus-prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase) and cytokinesis (division of cytoplasm)

Answer 38

cell cycle

Question 39

the process by which a cell divides into two new daughter cells

Answer 39

cell division

Question 40

The lipid bilayer that forms the outer boundary of the cell

Answer 40

cell membrane

Question 41

a rigid structure that surrounds the cell membrane and provides support to the cell; made of carbohydrates

Answer 41

cell wall

Question 42

process that releases energy by breaking down glucose and other food molecules in the presence of oxygen

Answer 42

cellular respiration

Question 43

organize the spindle fibers to separate chromosomes during animal cell mitosis

Answer 43

centriole

Question 44

area where the chromatids of a chromosome are attached

Answer 44

centromere

Question 45

green pigment in plants that absorbs light energy used to carry out photosynthesis

Answer 45

chlorophyll

Question 46

one of two identical "sister" parts of a duplicated chromosome

Answer 46

chromatid

Question 47

a model of evolution in which gradual change over a long period of time leads to biological diversity

Answer 47

gradualism

Question 48

Pairs of cells that surround stomata and control their opening and closing.

Answer 48

guard cell

Question 49

the place where an organism lives

Answer 49

habitat

Question 50

half the normal number of chromosomes; found in sex cells

Answer 50

haploid number

Question 51

consumer that eats only producers; also called a primary consumer

Answer 51

herbivore

Question 52

having two different alleles for a trait

Answer 52

heterozygous

Question 53

process by which organisms maintain a relatively stable internal environment

Answer 53

Homeostasis

Question 54

condensed threads of genetic material formed from chromatin as a cell prepares to divide

Answer 54

chromosome

Question 55

a relatively stable long-lasting community reached in a successional series

Answer 55

climax community

Question 56

in RNA, a three-base "word" that codes for one amino acid

Answer 56

codon

Question 57

symbiotic relationship in which one member of the association benefits and the other is neither helped nor harmed

Answer 57

commensalism

Question 58

the struggle between organisms to survive in a habitat with limited resources

Answer 58

competition

Question 59

difference in concentration of a substance on two sides of a membrane

Answer 59

concentration gradient

Question 60

a summary of what you have learned from an experiment

Answer 60

conclusion

Question 61

an organism that obtains energy by feeding on other organisms

Answer 61

consumer

Question 62

exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes during prophase I of meiosis

Answer 62

crossing over

Question 63

division of the cytoplasm

Answer 63

cytokinesis

Question 64

a jellylike fluid inside the cell in which the organelles are suspended

Answer 64

cytoplasm

Question 65

information gathered from observations

Answer 65

data

Question 66

organism that breaks down and obtains energy from dead organic matter

Answer 66

decomposer

Question 67

the removal of trees

Answer 67

Deforestation

Question 68

process in which cells become specialized in structure and function

Answer 68

Differentiation

Question 69

the process by which molecules move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration; passive

Answer 69

Diffusion

Question 70

genetic cross using two traits with two alleles each

Answer 70

dihybrid cross

Question 71

cell condition in which two of each type of chromosome are present

Answer 71

Diploid number

Question 72

A discrete event that disrupts an ecosystem or community. Examples of natural disturbances include fires, hurricanes, tornadoes, droughts, and floods. Examples of human-caused disturbances include deforestation, overgrazing, and plowing.

Answer 72

Disturbance

Question 73

deoxyribonucleic acid, the material that contains the information that determines inherited characteristics

Answer 73

DNA

Question 74

large taxonomic group, consisting of closely related phyla

Answer 74

Kingdom

Question 75

a behavior an animal learns from its parents

Answer 75

Learned behavior

Question 76

macromolecule made mainly from carbon and hydrogen atoms; includes fats, oils, and waxes

Answer 76

Lipids

Question 77

cell organelle filled with enzymes needed to break down certain materials in the cell

Answer 77

lysosome

Question 78

any large complex organic molecule

Answer 78

macromolecule

Question 79

Cell division that produces reproductive cells in sexually reproducing organisms

Answer 79

Meiosis

Question 80

messenger RNA; type of RNA that carries instructions from DNA in the nucleus to the ribosome

Answer 80

MRNA

Question 81

second phase of mitosis, during which the chromosomes line up across the center of the cell

Answer 81

Metaphase

Question 82

Most inclusive taxonomic category; larger than a kingdom

Answer 82

Domain

Question 83

gradual change in living communities that follows a disturbance

Answer 83

ecological succession

Question 84

Female sex cell

Answer 84

Egg

Question 85

organism in its early stage of development

Answer 85

embryo

Question 86

study of multicellular organisms as they develop from fertilized eggs to fully formed organisms

Answer 86

embryology

Question 87

process by which a cell takes in a substance by surrounding it with the cell membrane; active transport

Answer 87

endocytosis

Question 88

a system of membranes that is found in a cell's cytoplasm and that assists in the production, processing, and transport of proteins and in the production of lipids

Answer 88

endoplasmic reticulum

Question 89

a diagram that shows the amount of energy that moves from one feeding level to another in a food web

Answer 89

energy pyramid

Question 90

protein that speeds up a chemical reaction

Answer 90

Enzyme

Question 91

A cell that contains a nucleus and membrane bound organelles

Answer 91

eukaryote

Question 92

rapid growth of algae in bodies of water, due to high levels of nitrogen and often phosphate

Answer 92

eutrophication

Question 93

the gradual change in a species over time

Answer 93

Evolution

Question 94

process by which vesicles release their contents outside the cell; active transport

Answer 94

exocytosis

Question 95

movement of specific molecules across cell membranes through protein channels; passive transport

Answer 95

facilitated diffusion

Question 96

a long chain of smaller molecules called nucleotides; DNA and RNA

Answer 96

nucleic acid

Question 97

monomer of nucleic acids made up of a 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base

Answer 97

Nucleotides

Question 98

new combination of genetic information in a gamete as a result of crossing over during prophase I of meiosis

Answer 98

Genetic recombination

Question 99

response to the earth's gravity, as the growing of roots downward in the ground

Answer 99

Geotropism

Question 100

separation of species or populations so that they cannot interbreed and produce fertile offspring

Answer 100

reproductive isolation

Question 101

the random distribution of the pairs of genes on different chromosomes to the gametes

Answer 101

independent assortment

Question 102

A disease that is caused by a pathogen and that can be spread from one individual to another.

Answer 102

infectious disease

Question 103

when the concentration of two solutions is the same

Answer 103

isotonic

Question 104

a species that influences the survival of many other species in an ecosystem

Answer 104

keystone species

Question 105

Any cell in a multicellular organism except a sperm or egg cell.

Answer 105

somatic cell

Question 106

parts of an organism that are no longer functioning and do not affect survival

Answer 106

vestigial structure

Question 107

the vascular tissue through which water and nutrients move in plants

Answer 107

xylem

Question 108

fertilized egg

Answer 108

Zygote

Question 109

diagram showing evolutionary relationships of organisms with a common ancestor; resembles a tree

Answer 109

phylogenetic tree

Question 110

The study of evolutionary relationships among organisms

Answer 110

phylogeny

Question 111

pattern of evolution in which long stable periods are interrupted by brief periods of more rapid change

Answer 111

punctuated equilibrium