EOC/ BioMedical Flashcards
(244 cards)
1
Q
These key structures are part of which human body system- thyroid gland, pituitary gland, pancreas, and ovary
A
Endocrine
2
Q
These key structures are part of which human body system- spleen, thymus, and bone marrow
A
Lymphatic and Immune
3
Q
A physical therapist and a nurse are riding in the elevator together. During their ride they loudly discuss a patient they both have had for some time now. The elevator is full of people who can hear them- did they violate HIPAA even though they don’t mention the patient by name?
A
Yes
4
Q
This system assists with gas exchange with the external environment; keeps blood supplied with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide
A
Respiratory
5
Q
Which of the PPE are specifically to protect the respiratory tract from airborne infectious agents?
- Goggles
- Respirators
- Gowns
- Gloves
- Face shield
A
Respirators
6
Q
What are the three components of a nucleotide?
A
Sugar, phosphate group, and nitrogenous base
7
Q
The application of scientific knowledge to questions of civil and criminal law
A
Forensic science
8
Q
This system filters fluid in the body; mounts the attack against foreign substances in the body
A
Lymphatic and Immune
9
Q
Clear prediction of the anticipated results of an experiment
A
Hypothesis
10
Q
These key structures are part of which human body system- skin, hair, nails
A
Integumentary
11
Q
Two nurses are shopping for Christmas presents and they are talking about their patient, Brenda who has crazy “bug-eyes” (this is a symptom of Graves’ disease – overactive thyroid) – did they violate HIPPA laws?
A
Yes
12
Q
Any of the usually linear bodies in the cell nucleus that contain the genetic material
A
Chromosome
13
Q
If the sequence of a DNA strand is ATCGTTACGAAA, what is it’s complimentary strand?
A
TAGCAATGCTTT
14
Q
(True/False) Type II diabetes can be managed through a modified diet, exercise, and doctor supervision?
A
True
15
Q
A by-product of dehydration synthesis is
A
Water (H2O)
16
Q
A 19-year-old UCLA student is admitted through the ER for injuries sustained in a motor vehicle accident. He is in stable condition, but awake and alert. His father calls from Minnesota asking for information on his condition. You give him the information after verifying that he is the patient’s father. Did you violate HIPPA law?
A
Yes
17
Q
A three dimensional polymer made of monomers of amino acids
A
Protein
18
Q
Monosaccharides’ are monomers of?
A
Carbohydrates
19
Q
A person with an excess amount of sugar in their blood would be
A
Hyperglycemic
20
Q
A liquid that is a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances.
A
Solution
21
Q
What is the suffix used in biochemistry to form the names of sugars?
A
-ose
22
Q
A feedback loop that increases or magnifies the output of a process
A
Positive feedback
23
Q
A protein hormone secreted by pancreatic endocrine cells that raise blood glucose level; an antagonistic hormone to insulin
A
Glucagon
24
Q
The nucleotide bases of one strand of the DNA molecule is “bonded” to the other strand by
A
Hydrogen
25
Triglycerides are polymers of which class of organic compounds?
Lipids
26
(True/False) guanine-cytosine base pairs and adenine-thymine base pairs both form two bonds to attach the strands together
False
27
The separation of nucleic acids or proteins, on the basis of their size and electrical charge, by measuring their rate of movement through an electrical field
Del Electrophoresis
28
What is the chemical reaction that breaks down a polymer into individual monomers?
Hyrdolysis
29
Sucrose is glucose and fructose bonded together and is found in honey, maple syrup, and table sugar. Sucrose is a what?
Disaccharide
30
What is the macro-molecule above? It is a potato
Carbohydrate
31
What is proper PPE (Personal Protective Equipment)?
Gloves, Goggles, and Lab Coats
32
What are types of Evidence?
Fingerprints, Footprints, Hair, Identification, and Bodily Fluids/DNA
33
What is the stiffening of the Muscles?
Rigor Mortis
34
What is the cooling of the body?
Algor Mortis
35
What is blood pooling in tissues and discoloration?
Lividity
36
What is the Glaister Equation?
98.4-Measured rectal temperature/1.5=approximate hours since death
37
DNA=
Deoxyribonucleic Acid
38
What shape is DNA in?
DNA is in the shape of a double helix and contains genetic information for cells and proteins.
39
DNA is made up of many?
DNA is made up of many nucleotides, which are made up of a phosphate group, deoxyribose sugar and a nitrogenous base.
40
_____ form DNA
Nucleotides
41
A section of DNA is called a?
Gene
42
When many Genes build up, they form a?
Chromosome
43
Chromosomes code for the production of _______ and contain ______ _____?
Proteins and contain genetic information
44
What are Purines?
2 carbon nitrogen rings in the nitrogenous bases (Adenine and Guanine)
45
What are Pyrimidines?
1 carbon nitrogen ring in the nitrogenous base (Thymine and Cytosine)
46
Adenine and Thymine are a _____ hydrogen bond?
Double
47
Guanine and Cytosine are a _____ hydrogen bond?
Triple
48
How did we do the Strawberry DNA lab?
Step 1: Mash strawberry with soap
Step 2: Press through cheese cloth
Step 3: Put beaker full of stuff in test tube
Step 4: Add layered ice cold alcohol to the solution
49
HaeIII is a _____?
Restriction Enzyme
50
What do Restriction enzymes do?
They can cut DNA in specific places
51
What does the restriction enzyme, HaeIII do?
When it sees GGCC it cuts and splits it into GG and CC
52
When a Virus (Bacteriophage) lands on bacteria, it inserts DNA its ______?
DNA code
53
The _____ cut the viral DNA and Protect the bacteria that has been infected by a Virus?
Restriction Enzymes
54
What is Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLPs)?
Certain lengths of the DNA
55
RFLPs show the ?
Show the differences in a DNA sequence and their lengths
56
RFLPs can be seen in _____?
Gel Electrophoresis
57
Why do scientists use Gel elctrophoresis?
To see RFLPs and can compare the lengths of DNA strands
58
What does Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) do?
It takes out a specific strand of DNA and makes a lot of it.
59
Polymerase chain reaction allows scientist to?
Make many copies of a DNA sequence
60
What is a thermocycler?
It is a device that allows DNA strands to be copied. Inside, there are thermal blocks where the DNA samples can be placed. First, the computer raises the temp., which causes the DNA strands to separate. This is called Denaturation. Then, the computer cools, giving the primers one chance to bind with the complimentary strands of DNA. This is known as annealing. Finally, extension is when the DNA polymerase runs through the DNA and seals the primers together making complimentary strands of DNA.
61
What is Denaturation?
When DNA seperates
62
What Is annealing?
When giving the primers one chance to bind with the complimentary strands of DNA
63
From gel electrophoresis DNA analysis we can conclude that Anna's DNA was?
Found at the crime scene. Not only do her RFLPs match up perfectly with the crime scene's RFLPs but her body was even found at the crime scene. Anna's RFLPs and the crime scene's RFLPs extend the same distance and are identical. Therefore Anna's DNA was found at the crime scene.
64
Covers by keeping internal parts in and outside stuff out, maintaining body temperature and protecting tissues
Urinary System
65
Protects by filtering pathogens and makes white blood cells
Immune System
66
Supports making muscle attachments and protecting organs, joints, bones, cartilage, and tendons
Skeletal System
67
Moves materials around the body, makes heat, and body movement. Heart, diaphragm, tongue, skeletal muscles. etc.
Muscular System
68
Nourishes by breaking down food into nutrients and takes them to the cells in the body, removes toxins
Digestive System
69
Delivers nutrients/oxygen and hormones to cells
Cardiovascular System
70
Controls by secreting hormones
Endocrine System
71
Exchange oxygen for carbon dioxide
Respiratory System
72
Communicates by receiving signals coordinating response, and tells what other systems to do
Nervous System
73
Cleans by removing cellular waste, filtering blood, and maintaining water balance
Integumentory System
74
What is an autopsy?
The dissection of a deceased person that will decide the cause of death
75
What incision is made to open up the body and see the organs?
Y- incision
76
What is Rokitansky's Method?
That block 1 is from the trachea to the large intestine and block 2 are the large intestine, small intestine, kidneys, appendix, and the adrenaline glands.
77
What does HIPAA stand for?
Health Insurance Portability and Accountability
78
What is HIPAA?
It is a set of laws that provides clients/patients/students/ with confidentiality and privacy.
79
If health officials do not protect or follow HIPAA they will?
They will be fined, lose their job, be criminally prosecuted, and/or have a lose of license.
80
3 ways of violating HIPAA?
1. Leaving public records/patient records on the cafeteria table
2. A phone call about lab results to anybody other than the patient
3. Talking to another person about a patient that does not
81
3 things that are allowed according to HIPAA?
1. A doctor reporting an infectious disease to a local/state health department
2. Talking to another doctor who has the patient in private
3. A mother asking the doctor about her daughter's baby and the doctor answering all question
82
What is Diabetes?
It is a disease in which the body does not produce enough insulin or the receptors do not recognize insulin, resulting in high blood sugar
83
What are risk factors of type 2 diabetes?
- Being over weight/obese
- Inactivity
- Unhealthy eating (lots of carbs and sugars)
- Family history
- Age: 45 or older have an increased risk
- Race: African-Americans/Blacks, Hispanic, Asian Americans, American Indians, etc.
- People with Prediabetes or gestational diabetes
84
What is type 2 diabetes?
- Adult onset diabetes
- Cell receptors do not recognize insulin anymore, so the cells cannot turn the glucose, in your blood, into ATP (energy)
85
What is treatment options for type 2 diabetes?
Exercise/weight loss, diabetic diet, and medication (anticoagulants, statin, and insulin)
86
What is type 1 diabetes?
- Juvenile diabetes- symptoms start young
- Your body does not produce enough insulin
- Can not be prevented or reversed if its genetic
87
What is treatment options for type 1 diabetes?
Medications for insulin and carb counting/Diabetic diet
88
Symptoms of Diabetes?
- Recessive thirst/urination
- Fatigue
- Weight Loss
- Blurred Vision
- Hunger
- Tingling/pain/numbness (in limbs)
- Mood swings
- Fainting
- Slow healing wounds
89
What does GTT stand for?
Glucose Tolerance Test
90
What is the Glucose Tolerance Test?
It is a test used to determine if a person has diabetes through oral and blood testing. In a GTT, people are given high levels of sugar, and we see how their body reacts.
91
What is insulin?
A protein hormone produced to signal the cell to take in glucose and make energy
92
What are beta cells?
The beta cells of the pancreas make the insulin in order to contain the amount of glucose in the blood
93
What is a negative feedback loop?
A negative feedback loop stops one action and makes no action or an opposite action in attempt to maintain homeostasis
94
What are examples of a Negative feedback loop?
- Temperature
- Blood sugar levels
- Blood pressure
95
What is a positive feedback loop?
A positive feedback loop continues an action until something big happens. It keeps reinforcing the first action and causes the reaction to increase.
96
What are examples of Positive Feedback?
-Contracting in childbirth
-Orgasms
-
97
What are Chemical Indicator used to test for?
For macro-molecules to better understand what is in our foods
98
How do Chemical Indicators show a positive result and what does this tell us?
Through coloration or bubbling, this tells is that a certain chemical reaction has occurred.
99
The chemical reaction with chemical indicators usually happen when?
Happens when chemical bonds are broken down, and then reformed again.
100
(In Chemical Indicators) When Starch- Lugol's Iodine is positive, what color is it?
Dark Blue/ Black Coloration
101
(In Chemical Indicators) When Simple Sugars- Benedict's Solution is positive, what color is it?
Orange/ Red Coloration
102
(In Chemical Indicators) When Biuret Solution is positive, what color is it?
Purple/ Blue Coloration
103
(In Chemical Indicators) When Brown Paper Towel Test is positive, what color is it?
Shiny
104
What provides energy (needed for activity) and organ function?
Carbohydrates
105
What are the monomers for carbohydrates?
Monosaccharides
106
What is an example of a monomer for carbohydrates?
Glucose
107
What are 2 5-carbon rings that make sucrose?
Disaccharides
108
Whats function in cells and regulate tissue and organs
Proteins
109
What monomers are in protein?
Amino acids
110
There are how many different amino acids and what are they made of?
20 and made of an amino group, a carboxyl, a side chain, and a carbon
111
What are the two macro-molecules that control organ function and are made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen?
Carbohydrates and Proteins
112
What are the 4 macro-molecules?
Carbohydrates, Proteins, Lipids, and Nucleic Acids
113
What do all 4 of the macro-molecules have in common?
They all are necessary for survival and all have monomers that buildup to polymers
114
What do lipids do?
They provide energy source, gives insulation, and structure of cells membrane
115
What are the monomers that build up the lipid?
Glycerol and the 3 fatty acid chains
116
What do triglycerides do and why?
They store energy for later because they have 3 fatty acid chains
117
What sores genetic information and transfer during cell division?
Nucleic Acids
118
The monomer nucleic acid is a what?
A nucleotide
119
A nucleotide is composed of what?
A phosphate group, a deoxyribose sugar, and a nitrogenous base
120
What do the macro-molecules Nucleic acids and Lipids do?
They both are key cellular function and can change how a cell functions
121
What do Carbohydrates and Lipids do?
They both provide energy and are necessary in organ and system function.
122
What would happen if we didn't have carbohydrates or lipids?
Humans would have no energy ans would not exist because the majority of the cell is made of lipids or carbs
123
Nucleic Acids code for what?
The production of proteins and their functions
124
Nucleotides form DNA which can be what?
Copied by RNA in the process of protein synthesis
125
Chemical Reactions form what?
Covalent bonds between elements or compounds
126
What happend in dehydration synthesis?
Covalent bonds are formed through a chemical reaction in order to make a polymer
127
Dehydration synthesis forms the bonds between what?
Monomers
128
When do chemical reactions occur?
When chemical bonds are broken
129
What breaks down the bonds and chemicals?
Hydrolysis
130
What is calorimetry?
The one way of finding out how many calories are in a certain food?
131
What is Type I diabetes?
When you do not have enough insulin
132
What does it mean when you have type 1 diabetes and you do not have enough insulin?
You may need a pimp to give you insulin when needed.
133
What will help your cells respond to insulin better and control blood sugar levels if you have diabetes type 1?
Exercising
134
What is the most common blood sugar test?
Home glucose monitoring
135
Why is it important to track your blood sugar levels?
Because you do not want your sugar to get too high
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Testing your blood sugar levels can also prevent what?
Long-term diabetic complications, such as nerve damage, and organ and blood vessel damage.
137
Insulin pumps detect what?
Your blood sugar, and can inject insulin to lower your blood sugar
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What can Hemoglobin A1C determine?
what percent of hemoglobin is glycated (meaning covered in sugar) It tells the average blood sugar concentrations
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What is Hyperglycemia?
High blood sugar
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What does Hyperglycemia mean?
It is where there is too much sugar in your blood
141
What is a hypertonic cell?
When there is too much pressure on the cell causing it to shrink
142
What causes your cells to become hypertonic?
Hyperglycemia
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What are the risk factors of Hyperglycemia?
Family history and diabetes can all cause enough insulin or insulin resistance. Not producing insulin and insulin resistance cause high blood sugar
144
What are the effect and symptoms of Hyperglycemia?
Extreme thirst, frequent urination, dry skin, hunger, blurred visison, drowsiness, and nausea
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What is low blood sugar?
Hypoglycemia
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What is Hypoglycemia?
It is when there is not enough sugar in your blood
147
What is a hypotonic cell?
It is where there is very little pressure on the cell causing it to expand
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What are the risk factors of Hypoglycemia?
Family history and people with diabetes can have low blood sugar. If you have recently exercised or have skipped a meal, this puts you at a greater risk.
149
What are the effects and symptoms of Hypoglycemia?
Shaking, sweating, anxious, dizziness, hunger, fast heartrate, impaired vision, weakness/fatigue, headache, irritable
150
What is Isotonic blood?
When blood has just the right amount of sugar in it, so it puts the right amount of pressure on the cells.
151
What has the same solute concentration as another solution?
Isotonic blood
152
What does it mean by having isotonic blood?
Your cells can function and there is not too much water entering the cell or too much water exiting the cell.
153
What is Diabetic Retinopathy?
A disease that effects your vision and can come from diabetes and high blood pressure
154
What weakens the blood vessels?
High amounts of sugar in your blood
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After months to years of high blood sugar, what can happen?
Blockages can buildup small vessels that give the retina oxygen
156
1. ) When the small blood vessels can no longer reach the retina, what does this mean?
2. )In attempt to solve this, what happens?
1. ) The retina does not get enough oxygen
2. ) They eye and blood vessels try to create more blood vessels. Generally, they fail to create successful blood vessels and most leak or are not developed fully.
157
The complication with creating more blood vessels, this is related to what?
The ocular system
158
Overall, what can happen with the complications of making new blood vessels?
It can cause blurred vision and can eventually cause you to go blind
159
What is Diabetic Neuropathy?
It is caused by high glucose levels in your blood
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What can Diabetic Neuropathy cause?
Can damage nerve fibers, mainly in your hands and feet
161
If you have high blood sugar for a long enough time, what can happen?
You may develop neuropathy because high blood sugar can damage nerve fibers.
162
What can have happen if you have high blood sugar?
It can damage and block the capillaries going to the nerves. This means some parts of the nerves will not get enough oxygen and nutrients to function. High blood sugar can affect the way your nerves transmit signals and interfere with your reaction time.
163
Neuropathy mainly affects what?
The nervous system
164
What is Diabetic Nephropathy?
The glomeruli does not function properly and leaks an unusual amount of proteins into the urine.
165
What are Glomeruli?
Are clumps of blood vessels and acts like a filter
166
What does glomerulus do in a normal kidney?
It allows waste products, water and salt/electrolytes to pass through into a tubule. The filter does not allow proteins pass.
167
What does a glomerulus and tubule make?
A nephron and a million nephrons are in each kidney
168
What happens in a diabetic nephropathy?
The glomerulus get damaged and allows proteins, mainly a protein known as albumin, through into the urine.
169
The high blood sugar in your body causes what?
Damage to the tiny blood vessels in your kidneys, thus allowing more albumin to enter your urine.
170
Diabetic Nephropathy mainly affects what?
Your urinary system
171
What is another word for Red Blood Cells (RBC)?
Erythrocytes
172
What is another word for White Blood Cells (WBC)?
Leukocytes
173
What is another word for Platelets?
Thrombocytes
174
The erythrocytes main job is to what?
Supply the muscles and the brain with oxygen needed to function
175
How much of your blood is made up of erythrocytes?
50%
176
What do white blood cells do?
Fight infections and foreign invaders (pathogens) that enter your body
177
What are the 5 different types of Leukocytes?
Neutrophils, Eosinophils Basophils, Monocytes, and Lymphocytes
178
Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Monocytes, and Lymphocytes all use what?
Phagocytosis
179
What does Phagocytosis mean?
It mean that the leukocytes engulf the bacteria
180
Basophils as well as neutrophils and eosinophils use what to kill pathogens?
Degranulation
181
How much of the blood do leukocytes make up?
Less than 1%
182
What is the scientific name for blood plasma?
Plasma
183
What is blood plasma's main job?
To transport nutrients and carries all the nutrients, red blood cells, leukocytes, thrombocytes, and proteins around the body
184
How much percent of plasma is there in your blood?
About 50%
185
What percent of plasma is water?
About 95%
186
What are the steps of hematocrit test?
1. Collect a mircotest tube of a patient's blood
2. Centrifuge the blood in a microcentrifuge for minutes on low
3. Find the measurements of the total height of the blood and the height of the red blood cells (mm)
4. Calculate the height of the RBC over the height of the whole blood and then multiply by 100. This gives you a percent.
187
What are hematocrit test used for?
This test results to determine whether a person has a low/normal/high hemocrit level.
188
What doe it mean if you have a low hematocrit level?
It means that you are anemic and you cannot carry as much oxygen to your body
189
What is anemia?
It is when your blood hemocrit level gets too low. This means there are not as many RBC's in your blood to carry oxygen around.
190
When can anemia occur?
When you are bleeding too much and you lose too much blood, when your body does not make enough RBC's, or when your body destroys/attacks RBC's.
191
What is sickle cell disease?
It is a disease in which the body produces defective RBC's that are in the shape of a banana. This means your blood can clot easier and not as much oxygen can be transported (anemia)
192
What is the normal hematocrit level for a male?
42%-54%
193
What can sickle cell cause in reference of hemtocrit levels.
It can cause low hematocrit levels because the defective red blood cells that are carried throughout the body
194
What is Sickle Cell Disease know as?
sickle cell anemia
195
Where is Sickle Cell Disease found?
It is an inherited disease that is found on chromosome 11. More specifically, it is found on the gene for hemoglobin-Beta.
196
What happens in Sickle Cell Disease?
The hemoglobin S sticks to each other and form a long sickled blood cell. Sickled red blood cells cause more blood clots and carry less blood.
197
What happens if you receive the gene for sickle cell disease?
You are more immune to malaria (malaria resistance)
198
What happens in a person without sickle cell disease?
The hemoglobin molecule binds and take oxygen from the lungs and carries it to peripheral tissues
199
How do you get Sickle Cell Disease?
Through a recessive gene, so you can only get sickle cell disease if both parents are carriers or have the disease. If your parents are both carriers for sickle cell disease, you have a 25% chance that you will get the disease and a 50% chance that you will carry the gene. This means that the sickle cell gene will be passed on for generations. Finally a person can never get or lose the sickle cell disease over time, but we can treat people with sick cell anemia.
200
Where is Sickle Cell Disease found?
This mutation is found in African-Americans, Indians, and Mexicans.
201
What are the symptoms of Sickle Cell Disease?
- Angina or other pains (occurs when the sickled blood forms a clot)
- Swelling (due to the blockages blocking flow to hands and feet)
- Infections (can damage organs such as the spleen)
- Delayed Growth (nutrients and oxygen cannot travel the body as quickly)
- Jaundice (the sickled RBC's are dying faster than the liver can filter them out causing biliruben to build-up)
202
Red Blood Cells are directly affected by what?
sickle cell disease
203
Instead of flowing smoothly in the arteries, veins, and capillaries, the sickled RBC's can get what?
stuck
204
If you have sickle cell disease, not all if your cell what?
Turn sickle.
205
How fast do sickle cells die?
They die really quickly and easily. Normal cells last approximately 120 days, but sickled RBC's only live 10-20 days
206
What are some ways to treat/cure sickle cell disease.
Antibiotics (hydroxyurea), folic acid supplements, chronic blood transfusion therapy, and bone marrow transplant
207
How do each treatments and cures for sickle cell disease work?
- Antibiotics can help fight and prevent infection for sickle cell disease.
- Hydroxyurea stimulates the production of fetal hemoglobin, which prevents sickled cells from forming.
- Folic acid production can help with the making of new red blood cells. This will help to dilute the blood
- Chronic blood transfusion can help increase the amount of RBC's, which ultimately helps carry more oxygen and more blood throughout the body.
- Bone marrow help make red blood cells, so transplanting bone marrow will increase red blood cell production
208
What is transcription?
Is a process in which DNA's code is copied onto a strand of RNA (ribonucleic acid)
209
What is mRNA know as?
Known as messenger RNA because it synthesizes DNA's code to take to the ribosomes for translation
210
What is the purpose of Transcription?
Is for the mRNA to copy specific genes on DNA and to be taken out of the nucleus, so that a protein can be produced
211
DNA cannot fit through the nuclear pores so what happens?
It must be synthesized on a strand of mRNA. This allows mRNA to take the complimentary base pairs out of the nucleus for the production of proteins.
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Where does transcription happen?
In the nucleus
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RNA polymerase runs down the what strand?
The DNA strand and unwinds it so that an mRNA strand can copy the nucleotides.
214
In transcription, the mRNA copies what?
Complimentary letter (except adenine (A) pairs with uracil (U), instead of thymine (T))
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After the mRNA copied the DNA, what happens?
It exits the nucleus through nuclear pores
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What is translation?
The process after transcription, in which the mRNA's code (copied and opposite DNA's code) is transformed into a protein.
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What is the process of translation?
First, the mRNA must find a ribosome. The ribosome goes along the mRNA and finds the start codon (AUG). Thereafter, the ribosome recognizes moves along the mRNA, tRNA (trnsfer RNA) holding the amino acids comes and starts to form a peptide chain. They must match so the tRNA codons will fit with the mRNA codons. The tRNA is actually using DNA's code to produce a peptide chain, which will eventually turn into a protein, After the tRNA has been used, it leaves. Finally, once the ribosome reaches a stop codon (UAG, UAA, and UGA), the peptide chain breaks away to fold and form a protein. The whole process, both transcription and translation, makes one single protein and this is when mutations often occur.
218
What is the starting codon?
AUG
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What is the stop codon?
UAG, UAA, UGA
220
What are amino acids?
The monomers for proteins and are taken to the ribosome by the tRNA in translation
221
What are codons?
Are 3 nucleotides on the mRNA that attract the complimentary tRNA. This helps build the peptide chain.
222
What is a cytoplasm?
Is a cell organelle and is where translation occurs
223
What is DNA?
Is made of genetic information to code for all living things. It is copied onto an mRNA strand so proteins can be built
224
What is mRNA?
Is a copy of a strand of DNA and is synthesized by RNA polymerase. It holds DNA's genetic information and takes it outside the nucleus for production of proteins
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What is a nucleus?
Is the control center of a cell and is where transcription takes place. After DNA is synthesized, the mRNA exits the nucleus.
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What are ribosomes?
They bring together the tRNA and mRNA and move along an mRNA strand in order to form a peptide chain
227
What is RNA Polymerase?
It is an enzyme that unzips DNA so that a complimentary strand of RNA can be made
228
What is tRNA?
It transfers the amino acids to the ribosome and indentifies the condons so that its anticodons (complimentary nucleotides of condons) can match up. It adds an amino acid to the peptide chain
229
What is Van der Waals?
The stickiness of all atoms that attracts them to each other
230
What is S-S Bonds?
Cysteine amino acids bond because there sulfur atoms attract
231
What is Electrostatic Forces?
Positively charged amino acids bond to negative amino acids. This only happens with hydrophilic molecules.
232
What are Hydrogen Bonds?
Water attracts hydrophilic amino acids. This affects all amino acids.
233
What does it mean to be Hyrdophilic?
This mean that you are an amino acid that is attracted to water. These amino acids are polar and charged.
234
What does polar mean?
That an amino acid has both a psotive and a negative
235
What does it mean to be Hydrophobic?
This means that you are an amino acid that is trying to move away from water. These amino acids are nonpolar, uncharged, and neutral. Hydrophobic amino acids are like oil because oil and water separate
236
What are some examples of Hydrophilic amino acids?
- Glutamine
- Asparagine
- Histidine
- Serine
- Threonine
- Tyrosine
- Cysterine
- Methionine
- Tryptophan
237
What are some examples of Hydrophilic amino acids?
- Aspartic Acid (-)
- Glutamic acid (-)
- Arginine (+)
- Lysine (+)
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What are some examples of Hydrophobic amino acids?
- Alanine
- Isoleucine
- Leucine
- Phenvlalanine
- Valine
- Proline
- Glycine
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The nucleotide that is changed in order for a person to have sickle cell disease is located where?
In the codon for the 6th amino acid
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How does the amino acid sequence go in a norml red blood cell?
Valine - Histidine - Leucine - Threonine - Proline - Glutamic Acid
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In a sickled rel cell blood, instead of the 6th amino acid being glutamic acid, it changes to what?
To valine due to the nucleotide substitution. As a result, the hemoglobin becomes sickled. A person could have to deal with a lifetime of pain and suffering all because of one nucleotide base chnage
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What is a hydrophilic and has a negative charge?
Glutamic acid.
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What happens when trying to form a cell?
The sickle cell hemoglobin starts to stick to each other causing a dense cell. It becomes very hard for the sickle cell to carry oxygen. In a normal red blood cell hemoglobin is not sticky, which causes it to be able to carry more oxygen and flow better.
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What happens when glutamic is replaced with valine?
A hughly hydrophobic amino acid, the cell and its shape has changed. The hydrophobic valine wants to get away from the water so it "caves" in. This eventually causes a sickle-cell hemoglobin, which leads to a sickled red blood cell.
