Eoc Review

Question 1

What type of scientific resources are reliable and which are not

Answer 1

Reliable sources: edu, .gov, scientific journals

Unreliable: wiki, back of cereal boxes

Question 2

How are scientific inferences in biology made?

Answer 2

observations, then logical inferences

Question 3

What is science

Answer 3

an organized way of gathering and analyzing evidence about the natural world

Question 4

What is pseudoscience

Answer 4

Fake science

Question 5

How is a theory developed

Answer 5

when strong information is consistent but cannot be proven

Question 6

How are theories and laws different

Answer 6

Theories cannot be proven, but laws can be proven time and time again

Question 7

What are the four macromolecules?

Answer 7

-Carbohydrates
Proteins
-lipids
-nucleic acids

Question 8

Primary function for carbohydrates?

Answer 8

used for energy and structural purposes

Question 9

primary function of proteins?

Answer 9

control reaction rate, help fight diseases

Question 10

primary function of lipids?

Answer 10

-fat, oils, waxes used to store energy

Question 11

primary function of nucleic acids?

Answer 11

store and transmit hereditary or genetic info (DNA/RNA)

Question 12

Explain how enzymes speed up the rate of a biochemical reaction

Answer 12

by lowering the activation energies, which has a dramatic effect on how quickly reactions are completed

Question 13

What happens to an enzyme if the environment changes?

Answer 13

they might slow down chemical reactions

Question 14

Explain the cell theory

Answer 14

All living things are made up of cells, cells are produced from existing cells, & cells are the basic unit of structure in all living things

Question 15

Compare and contrast the structures found in plant cells and animal cells

Answer 15

Animal cells don’t have a cell wall or chloroplasts but plant cells do. They are both eukaryotic cells

Question 16

Compare and contrast the structures found in prokaryotic cells & in eukaryotic cells

Answer 16

Prokaryotes: smaller and simpler (bacteria)

Eukaryotes: larger and more complex, many specialized structures w/ different jobs (plants, animals, fungi)

Question 17

Explain the role of the cell membrane during active and passive transport

Answer 17

Cell membrane in passive transport:
movement of materials across membrane WITHOUT using energy

Cell membrane in active transport:
Movement of materials against a concentration difference that REQUIRES energy

Question 18

What are the prokaryote structures and their functions?

Answer 18

Cell Wall: supporting layer surrounding cell And adding protection.

Cell Membrane: in all cells and regulates what enters and leaves cell.

Cytoplasm: the fluid portion of the cell outside the nucleus, gives cell it’s shape

Plasmid: found in bacteria and used in DNA to transfer genes between cells

Ribosomes: particles of RNA and protein found in the cytoplasm

Flagella: tail on sperm used for swimming

Question 19

What are the eukaryote structures and their functions?

Answer 19

Cell wall: supporting layer surrounding cell and adding protection

Cell membrane: in all cells and regulates what enters and leaves cell

Cytoplasm: the fluid portion of the cell outside the nucleus, gives cell it’s shape

Nucleus:

Question 20

Explain what happens when a cell is placed in the following solutions: hypertonic , hypotonic , and isotonic

Answer 20

Hypertonic: shrinks

Hypotonic: gets bigger

Isotonic: stays the same

Question 21

Identify ways a scientific claim is evaluated

Answer 21

Journals, critical and logical thinking, scientific arguments, and consideration of alternative explanation

Question 22

Explain how photosynthesis stores energy

Answer 22

converts the energy of sunlight into chemical energy used by the plant

Question 23

Explain how cellular respiration releases energy

Answer 23

Breaking down glucose in the presence of oxygen

Question 24

What are the reactants for photosynthesis? The products?

Answer 24

Glucose O2 oxygen

Question 25

What is the purpose of photosynthesis

Answer 25

To convert solar energy into chemical energy

Question 26

What are the reactants for cellular respiration? the products?

Answer 26

Oxygen and glucose ATP

Question 27

What is aerobic respiration

Answer 27

Release energy for cells from glucose; needs oxygen

Question 28

What is anaerobic respiration?

Answer 28

Using electrons acceptors other than oxygen

Question 29

What is the function of ATP?

Answer 29

Used to store and release energy

Question 30

Describe the differences between mitosis and meiosis

Answer 30

``` Mitosis= is the phase of the cell cycle where cell divisions occur. Meiosis= produces only sex cells, divides, and sexual production ```

Question 31

What is the role of meiosis in sexual reproduction?

Answer 31

Crossing over, 2 cellular divisions

Question 32

What happens during each stage of the cell cycle? (G1, S, G2, M)

Answer 32

G1= cell growth S= DNA replication G2=preparation for division M= mitosis

Question 33

What happens during each stage of mitosis? (PMAT?) (cytokinesis?)

Answer 33

Prophase- chromosome duplicated Metaphase- chromos line up across the middle of the cell, spindle fibers connect the centromere of each chromosome to the centrioles of the cell Anaphase-centromeres are pulled apart & the chromatids separate to become individual chromosomes, chromos separate into 2 groups Telophase- chromos spread out into chromatin, nuclear envelope reforms around each cluster of chromos, spindle breaks Cytokinesis- final step, completely separates daughters from each other

Question 34

Understand that cancer (uncontrolled cell growth) may result from mutations that affect the proteins that regulate the cell cycle

Answer 34

Cancer uncontrolled cell growth may result from mutations that affect proteins

Question 35

Describe the process of meiosis including independent assortment and crossing over

Answer 35

Homologous pair, crossing over gametes

Question 36

What kind of cells can result from meiosis?

Answer 36

Cancer cells

Question 37

What are dominant traits? Recessive traits?

Answer 37

Dominant- 1 parent has a dominant allele, the offspring will exhibit that trait Recessive- allele for the offspring to exhibit the trait

Question 38

What is the P generation? F1 generation? F2 generation?

Answer 38

P- first generation P1- the 1st generation of offspring F2- when p1 is fertilized

Question 39

What is Mendels law of segregation? Independent assortment?

Answer 39

Law of Seg.- separation of alleles during gamete formation gametes combine to form four possible offspring Independent assort.- alleles will separate independently producing offspring differently from parent

Question 40

Describe the process of DNA replication

Answer 40

Before cell can divide it has to make a copy of it's DNA so that each daughter cell will have a copy

Question 41

What are mutations? Insertions? Deletions? Inversion?

Answer 41

Mutations: Heritable changes in genetic info Insertion: 1 base pair added to DNA strand Deletions: 3 base pairs removed from DNA strand

Question 42

Explain how mutations may it may not result in a phenotypic change

Answer 42

Environmental change can cause rapid phenotypic change

Question 43

Process of transcription? Translation?

Answer 43

Transcription: process where DNA strands produce RNA strands (in nucleus) & unzips the DNA strands to produce RNA Translation: process where ribosomes build proteins in cytoplasm

Question 44

What are the bask components of DNA?

Answer 44

``` Nucleic acids join to form nucleotides which form DNA. DNA has 4 types of nitrogenous bases: 1 adenine 2 guanine 3 cytosine 4 thymine ```

Question 45

Understand how similarities in the genetic codes of organisms are due to common ancestry & the process of inheritance

Answer 45

Genetic codes are a set of rules by which info encoded in genetic materials is translated

Question 46

Explain the possible impact of biotechnology on the individual, society and environment

Answer 46

By parental survival and knowledge of the environment

Question 47

How does the fossil record support the theory of evolution?

Answer 47

Fossils show that life in the past has progressed in a series of forms

Question 48

How does comparative anatomy support the theory of evolution

Answer 48

that various organisms share a common ancestor

Question 49

How does comparative embryology support the theory of evolution?

Answer 49

Fish, bird, rabbit and human embryo appear the same in early stages

Question 50

How does biogeography support the theory of evolution?

Answer 50

Where organisms live now and where their ancestors lived in the past