EOS 170 III Flashcards

Question

Natural climate change

Answer 1

- polar continents - continents aligned N-S - variations in solar heating/ sun spots (11-110 yr cycles) - Milankovitch cycles

Answer 2

= increased albedo = lower global T

Answer 3

= ocean circulation bringing warm water to high lats = increased precip. -- increased glaciation - lower global T

Answer 4

- variation in E's orbital properties - eccentricity - tilt - wobble

Answer 5

- 3 cells per hemisphere | - driven by solar E, cold air sinking, weak horizontal P gradient at equator

Answer 6

Hadley cell

Answer 7

- warm air rises at eq. - atmospheric instability -- thunderstorms, latent heat released - latent heat drives hadley cell

Answer 8

- E release as water vapour changes to liquid water droplets | - surrounding air becomes warm and moist

Answer 9

- typically 30º - surface high P causes ground air to diverge - air mass descends to replace diverging air - clear skies, dry air - warm moist vs cold dry = gradient = front at 45º

Answer 10

- movement deflected to right in NH - increases w/ objects horizontal speed - zero at equator, increases towards poles

Answer 11

- changes in earths orbit - 100,000 yr cycle - more elliptical = larger variability in season length

Answer 12

broad glacial cycles

Answer 13

- change in inclination of earths spin axis - 41,000 yr cycle - 21.5 - 24.5 - currently 23.5

Answer 14

- greater seasonal extremes - colder winter, warmer summer - decreased glaciation

Answer 15

change in spin-axis direction - 19-23,000 yr cycle - precession of the equinoxes - changes extremeness of seasons

Answer 16

E closest to sun during NH winter - milder winters and summers in N than S

Answer 17

- INSOLATION as shortwave radiation heats E - longwave radiates back to space - greenhouse gases capture longwave (IR, heat) preventing loss

Answer 18

-18º (average)

Answer 19

16º (average)

Answer 20

-53º (no GHG)

Answer 21

480º (excess GHG)

Answer 22

``` H2O CO2 CH4 N2O O3 CFCs ```

Answer 23

- burning fossil fuels (CO2) - decomp, cattle, rice (CH4) - fertilizer, auto combustion (N2O) - undustrial gases (O3, smog) - coolents (CFCs)

Answer 24

- Pacific too warm for salmon - increased wildfires and length of fire season - more winter precip., more spring floods, landslides, avalanche

Answer 25

1. influenza, 1918-1925, 50,000 deaths 2. halifax explosion, 1917, 1900 deaths 3. heat wave, 1936, 1200 deaths

Answer 26

- economic loss: crops, pastures, livestock, water | - famine, death

Answer 27

- entrenched high pressure ridge - descending warm dry air mass desiccates land - high P ridge block moist air flow

Answer 28

- severe drought during 1930s - 40% less rainfall - non-drought resistant crops died, did not protect erosion - immense dust storms blew away top soil - millions of acres of farmland ruined - thousands of livestock died - 1/4 million people abandoned farms

Answer 29

1940s - 50/yr 1970s - 7/yr present- none

Answer 30

- 1180 deaths - 44º in Manitoba, Ontario, 50º in Kansas - night-time min. >25º - rail lines warped - road surfaces melted in >65º sun

Answer 31

- 35000 died - worst heat wave in 150 yrs - 10º hotter than 2001 - 14,800 deaths in France - 7000 Germany - 4000 Spain - 4000 Italy - 2000 UK

Answer 32

- 14,800 deaths - no AC, nights usually cool - stone/concrete homes - radiate absorbed heat and cool at night - high night min.s prevented cooling - early Aug, many away on Vacation, left elderly home alone to parish

Answer 33

- more frequent, more severe - exacerbated w/ urbanization - AC reduces hazard

Answer 34

- lightning - fires - hail - wind - rain, flash floods

Answer 35

cumulus mature dissipating

Answer 36

southern interior of country - 25 around Edmonton, regina, toronto - least near coasts and in North

Answer 37

100 strikes/s | 9 million strikes/day

Answer 38

``` 3 mill flashes/yr 10 deaths/yr 125 injuries/yr 3 light. fire deaths/yr -male deaths 5X fm ```

Answer 39

- more in CAD/US than any other natural hazard - less publicized b/c smaller groups, damage - death rate decreasing

Answer 40

- updraft/downdraft collisions btw super-cooled water and ice crystals cause electric charge separation - collision transfer + charge to ice, - to water-ice mixture - updraft drive ice up = + accumulation at top - gravity pulls water-ice down = - accumulation at bottom - induces opposite charge accumulation in ground

Answer 41

-electrical discharge btw opposite charge accumulations

Answer 42

- btw cloud and ground - btw clouds - w/i cloud

Answer 43

>10,000 km/s | creates T 30,000º

Answer 44

rapid thermal expansion of air from 30,000º T

Answer 45

-connection of stepped leader and positive streamer establishes channel of ionized air = low resistance path

Answer 46

(-)electrons stream from cloud-Earth in 50m jumps (stepped leader)

Answer 47

-as near E, positive streamer initiated upward, connecting 50m above surface

Answer 48

high-current flow of +charge from E-cloud along ionized path = bright flash

Answer 49

- follow warnings - avoid elevated, exposed location - get into car, don't touch sides - crouch down on ground - stay 5m away from others

Answer 50

- if time btw lightning and thunder less than 30s, take shelter (30s = 10km) - wait 30min after last lightning flash before leaving shelter

Answer 51

- shelter under tree, near metal fence, in tent w/ poles, in cave - walk under power lines, along rails, highway w/ guards - go swimming - stay near open window - use electric devices - wash dishes, take shower - use land-lines

Answer 52

- layered ice ball formed in thunderstorms w/ large vertical T contrast - cycle up/down through cloud until too heavy - add most of mast - hail clouds often dark w/ green tinge

Answer 53

- require cold air at elevation - most common in prairies, central BC - AB 'hailstorm alley' lee side of rockies - highest hail rates in world

Answer 54

- compared to common objects - CD 128mm - softball 114mm - Grapefruit 102mm - baseball 70mm - Egg 50mm - golfball 44mm - marble 13mm - pea-size 6.4mm

Answer 55

- max speed - balance of g acceleration vs air drag - varies by diameter - 1cm = 9m/s (32km/hr) - 8cm = 48m/s (170km/hr)

Answer 56

0.75kg | 28cm diameter

Answer 57

- rarely injures or kills - one of most expensive natural hazards damages: - cars, aircraft, skylights, glass grooves, kills livestock, destroys crops

Answer 58

Regina, 1912, 28 deaths Edmonton, 1987, 27d Windsor, 1946, 17d

Answer 59

US - 1000/yr Canada- 100/yr Europe 250/yr

Answer 60

south end of province and BC interior | -very highest in S Ont

Answer 61

E side of country

Answer 62

Fujita scale -6-level scale -according to storm damage, wind speed F0 - F5

Answer 63

light damage - 65-115km/h wind - 28% of all tornadoes - width up to 15m - damages grooves, signs, antennas - break twigs, branches

Answer 64

moderate damage - 117-180km/hr - 39% of all tornadoes - width 16-50m - length 1-5km - damage weak structures

Answer 65

Tornado | 500km/hr wind

Answer 66

considerable damage - 181-253 km/h - 5-16kmlong, 50-160m wide - destroy mobile homes, tip vehicles, uproot large trees

Answer 67

``` severe 254-332 km/h -6% -16-50km long, 160-500m wide -entire roofs, levels trees, lift heavy vehicles ```

Answer 68

``` devastating 333-418km/hr -2% -160km long, 1500m wide -well-built building flattened, tossed cars, tree havens, trains flipped ```

Answer 69

``` incredible >419km/h wind -less than 1% -more than 160km long, 1500-5000m wide -few seconds but terrifying strength -buildings disintegrated, rubble carried far, steel damaged, heavy vehicles thrown up to 2km ```

Answer 70

3 air masses in different direction cause rotation w/i thunderstorm cloud

Answer 71

1. low altitude N flow warm moist air (GoMex) 2.mid-alt. winds to SE of cool dry air 3. high alt., high -speed jet stream winds to E -

Answer 72

- US great plains, btw rockies and appalachians | - cold dry rocky air meets warm moist GoMex air, hot dry Sonoran desert air

Answer 73

super-cell thunderstorm

Answer 74

wind shear title thcloud into anvil - warm updraft separated from cool downdraft - more intense thstorm, higher change of tornado

Answer 75

-moisture condenses from rising hot moist air, falls through cloud = cool downdraft, suppresses updraft, reduces intensity of thunderstorm and chance of tornado

Answer 76

- buildings- blow off roofs, gutters, off foundation - battering from airborne projectiles - throw people

Answer 77

- listen for warnings - cellar/ basement w/o windows - safe room - safer in a parked vehicle than mobile home

Answer 78

- >16 hours - 148 tornadoes in 13 states + Ontario - 6 F5s on ground >50km - 335 deaths - 1200 injuries - >7500 destroyed homes

Answer 79

Deadliest since 1912 - F4, max winds 330-415km/hr - 40km long path, 1km wide, 1hr on ground - 27 killed, 300 injured, 750 homeless

Answer 80

- new opportunities (North) | - awareness and action most important where clear direct relationship w/ climate (forestry, hydro)

Answer 81

- increased invasives, diseases - medium-term increase in production - warmer-weather crops grown further north - extended growing period, feeding season for livestock

Answer 82

- species distr. shifts - many species cannot adapt fast enough - protected areas, migration corridors imperative - ecological restoration/ mitigation provides resilience

Answer 83

- climate-sensitive disease (lyme), vectors - hazards - new tools: heat alert, projection of vector-borne illnesses, greening urban areas

Answer 84

- gust front/ outflow boundary - sustained winds - increased in strength behind front

Answer 85

- US warm-weather phenomenon | - mostly in summer in NH

Answer 86

hurricane-force winds, tornadoes, heavy rain, flash floods

Answer 87

overflow or accumulation of water that submerges land

Answer 88

damage to buildings, roads, bridges, sewers, vehicles - drowning (ppl, livestock) - contamination of water - spreads disease - destroys crops - kills trees - famine

Answer 89

- few deaths (ca. 200 in 20th C), 10-15/decade | - increase since 1960s

Answer 90

- every month - max: Spring, early summ - min: fall, early winter - every province

Answer 91

- ON, QB, NB | - few in North

Answer 92

- move away from water - live near water for food, water, travel, transport, trading, irrigation, recreation, aesthetics - perceived value exceeds risk

Answer 93

- Hydrometeorological floods - Natural dams - rainfall flood

Answer 94

- caused by specific weather - rainfall - snowmelt - rain-on-snow - icejam

Answer 95

-obstructed water flow floods land

Answer 96

outburst flood

Answer 97

-precip > infiltration + carrying capacity of streams/ rivers

Answer 98

- sustained heavy rain over large are for 1+ days | - exceed runoff capacity

Answer 99

- torrential rainfall over short t period (less than 6hr) and small area - saturate ground w/ runoff

Answer 100

2009 - 300 homes evacuated - schools close - high tides flood Duncan - high tides stopped rainwater from draining

Answer 101

Pineapple express - several days of heavy rain - 250 mm in 24hrs on N island - 8 rivers flooded including cowichan, animo

Answer 102

warm, moist, sub-tropical P air from Hawaii = heavy rains

Answer 103

``` Buffalo gap, SK, 1961 -254mm in less than 1hr Toronto, 2005 -153mm + hail -$500M damage ```

Answer 104

1/2 - driving

Answer 105

- water 0.3 m deep can move vehicle laterally - water 0.6m can float car, roll or flip - road surface can be washed out

Answer 106

- most common flooding in Canada - generally in spring - water unable to penetrate frozen ground - runs over surface - affects large areas

Answer 107

- combines rainfall w/ snowmelt flood - heavy rain on snow at ca 0º - rain+snow cannot penetrate frozen ground - heavy water-saturated snow damages buildings, roofs, and cause avalanche hazard

Answer 108

- major problem in CAD rivers - accumulation of ice, obstructs river flow - at freeze-up or break-up, worst flooding at break-up

Answer 109

- river bend - change in slope - bridges, piers

Answer 110

S-> N flowing - S break-up sends ice N where still frozen - ex. St Lawrence, McKenzie, Red River

Answer 111

- glaciers - mass movement - lava/ pyroclastic flow

Answer 112

outburst flood

Answer 113

Jökulhlaups | -icelandic for 'glacier-burst'

Answer 114

-icelandic volcanism beneath Vat. icecaps maintain sub-glacial lake

Answer 115

13day eruption filled lake w/ 4km3 of water - lake failed, 3.6km3 discharged in 20hrs - peak 55,000 m3/s (20X rate of Niagra) - 1000 tonne iceblocks - 9m of sediment

Answer 116

Grimsvötn

Answer 117

- 6km of highway - power, phone lines - 2 concrete and steel bridges

Answer 118

- of historical data - to estimate return period for given size flood - river discharge vs return period (yrs) - use for designing roads, bridges, buildings

Answer 119

1% probability of occurring in any year

Answer 120

- build flood resistant - listen for warnings - if time permits, move valuables above ground level, turn off furnace, gas - if imminent, turn off power, plug sewer drains

Answer 121

seal ground-floor/basement windows, doors - install drains - install sump pump, one-way valves in drains

Answer 122

- listen to radio | - do not cross flooded area

Answer 123

- wear boots - beware of electrical shock - dispose of food/water exposed to flood (contaminated) - do not move back in until dried, disinfected

Answer 124

- contain waters: dams, levees, floodways | - increase river carrying capacity: deepen, widen channel, remove debris/ obstructions

Answer 125

- zoning, land-use policies - education and evacuation planning - improved flood forecasting (satellites, river gauges, etc)

Answer 126

- flows N - drains N/S Dakota, Minnesota, Manitoba - Slowly meanders - broad floodplain - frequently floods

Answer 127

- geologically young (less than 9000yrs) -- not carved deep - valley underlain by impermeable red clay - low riverbed slope (8cm/km) - prone to icejams (S->N flow)

Answer 128

- snowy winter - late thaw - dike collapse - flooding of 1600 km2 - largest CAD evac., over 100,000 ppl, 1/3 of Winnipeg pop. - 51 day flood - 10,000 bldgs damaged - RR floodway built in response

Answer 129

48km long, 140m wide artificial flood-control waterway around Winnipeg - normally empty - in flood, gates open to divert water around city - built for 1-in-225 yr flood - typically required every 2-3 yrs

Answer 130

- '96 fall rainfall 4X normal - early cold, froze soil - record winter snow pack - spring blizzard - rapid thaw - N Dakota: 60,000 evacuated, 120,000 cattle drowned, $1B damage - Manitoba: saved by dike, diverted water at (peak) 1400m3/s, nearly overwhelmed dykes

Answer 131

$5B damages (costliest CAD disaster) - S and central AB - Bow, Elbow, Highwood, Red Deer, Sheep, :little Bow, S Sak. rivers - calgary directly hit - 2200 CAD forces deployed

Answer 132

- heavy spring rainfall - low-pressyre system blocked S of AB - resulting air from E pumped moist warm air across semi-arid slopes - heavy rains particularly over Calgary, >300mm - saturated ground, steep watershed, heavy snow load - rivers up to 10X normal flow rate

Answer 133

- largest evacuation in cities history, 75,000 ppl - days before power restored - central business district off-limits for nearly a weak (very important business hum in CAD) - bonnybrook bridge collapse - 150 ppl stranded on rooftops in High River

Answer 134

- under weight of CPR freight train - pilings scoured by floater, undermined strength - train was carrying hazardous petrochemicals

Answer 135

- modern construction and codes - good forecasting and governance - social trust - low loss of life despite huge level of destruction - rapid rebuild

Answer 136

creep fall slide flow

Answer 137

- similar to landslide - A starting zone (steepest, 30-45º) - B Track, guided by topography (20-30º) - C Run-out zone (less than 20º)

Answer 138

Size 1 -5 1. relatively harmless, 10tonnes, 10m, 1kpa 2. could injure or kill, 100t, 100m, 10kpa 3. damage buildings/vehicles, 1000tonnes, 1000m, 100kpa 4. destroy large vehicles, forests, railways, 10,000tonnes, 2000m, 500kpa 5. 100,000 tonnes, 3000m, 1000kpa

Answer 139

- deposited by multiple storms - layers w/ diff. properties - powder and wet - denser near bottom, with age - hoar frost crystals can grow btw layers

Answer 140

- 95% void - does not pack - dry, not sticky - doesnt stick together

Answer 141

water between ice | -packs well

Answer 142

planes of weakness

Answer 143

- acts like flow - high speed (65-100km/hr) - light snow - buries victims - largely unharmed, but can smother, disorient

Answer 144

- slab of heavy cohesive mass detaches at layer boundary - acts like translational slide evolving into flow - speed 30-65km/hr - death, destruction - most dangerous

Answer 145

- consult avalanche bulletins | - carry avalanche kit

Answer 146

- escape to side, can't outrun - if caught, ditch backpack, skis, poles - use swimming motion to stay near surface - maintain air pocket in front of face - stay calm

Answer 147

- 50% if buried 30min. | - 15% for 2hr burial

Answer 148

- asteroids - comets - fragments of asteroid and comets

Answer 149

- meteoroid - meteor - meteorite

Answer 150

- asteroid fragment | - meteoroid

Answer 151

- stony, metallic body - orbiting sun in inner solar system - medium sized - smaller than a planet, larger than meteoroid - 1-1000km - sometimes called planetoid, minor planet

Answer 152

- small (.1 - 40km diameter) - highly elliptical orbit - nuclei of rock, dust, water ice, frozen gases (CO, CO2, CH4, NH3)

Answer 153

after impact with Earth

Answer 154

- 1-2 million asteroids between MVEM (terrestrial) and JSUN (gas giants) - likely 'failed planet'

Answer 155

- Jupiter's gravity prevented coalescence | - large gap btw MVEM and JSUN

Answer 156

3 small groups that intersect E/M orbit - Apollos group (>1000 asteroids) - Aten group - Amors group

Answer 157

while passing through atmosphere

Answer 158

2+ asteroids can be gravitationally bound

Answer 159

- solar radiation vaporizes volatiles in nucleus = tail - tail points away from sun - tail up to 1 AU

Answer 160

astronomical unit - distance from sun to E - 150M km

Answer 161

- stony | - Fe-rich

Answer 162

chondritic | -burn or break up in atmosphere)

Answer 163

- 100B meteoroids/day - add 100-1000t to E - number of impacts decrease w/ size

Answer 164

important to whether it will burn up

Answer 165

1/30seconds

Answer 166

less than 1mm diameter | -drifts down gently

Answer 167

ca. 1mm - melt about 100km above E - glow for about 1s

Answer 168

- 1mm -100m - reach E surface - up to 3000º - slowed by atmos. - 320-640km/hr

Answer 169

pass through atmos. largely unaffected

Answer 170

simple or complex

Answer 171

- smaller meteorite - raised rim - concave bottom - no uplift

Answer 172

- larger meteorite, asteroid, comets - melt/vaporize rock - central uplift from rebound - collapsed outer rim leaves crater 20X larger than impacting body - new mineral formation from high T/P

Answer 173

- erased by erosion, subduction, cont. collision, infilling of sed. - 164 known, 58 in NA

Answer 174

large landmass

Answer 175

- Manicouagan, Quebec, 75km - Lake Wanapitei, Ontario - Pingualuit crater, Quebec

Answer 176

1908, Siberia - massive fireball - heard 1000km away - not inhabited - reindeer killed - man 60km away burnt - people 480km away knocked off feet - 80M trees damaged - no impact crater

Answer 177

- stony meteorite or comet frag. - 30-50m diameter - exploded at 8km elevation - blast equivalent to 10-15Mt of TNT , 1000X more powerful than atomic bomb

Answer 178

- 65MYa - 1cm clay layer between KT - K rocks have abundant fossils, T do not

Answer 179

Russia, 2013 - 20m near-E asteroid, miss - 19km/s - light brighter than sun - visible 100km away - exploded in air --> hot dust and gas cloud - blast yield 20X Hiroshima a-bomb

Answer 180

high V | shallow entrance angle

Answer 181

- 85% of species disappeared - dinos, marine reptiles, many plants - many severely reduced numbersL fish, plankton, molluscs - mammals (small), birds, suffered few extinctions

Answer 182

- Ir layer around world, 300X normal - clay quartz grains 'shocked' - spherules - radioactive ratios - tsunami deposits in Yucatan peninsula - buried impact crater (Chicxulub)

Answer 183

- petroleum well encountered 90m thick zone shattered rock, shocked quartz, globules, dated 65Mya - radar topography indicates 180km ring (trough)

Answer 184

- M11 eq - 300m tsunami - worldwide fires - dust, soot clouds block sun for weeks-months - water vapour, CO2 in atmos. cause GH warming - high death rate for many except carrion feeders

Answer 185

- rare - no confirmed fatalities - 1 documented injury, Lethbridge 1954 - very small probability of catastrophic (KT size) and large (Tunguska size) impacts - NEOs monitored

Answer 186

- near Earth objects | - could be deflected by NASA

Answer 187

- suns behaviour changes (sunspots, solar winds, magnetic storm) - causes disturbances in E's magnetic field - magnetic storm

Answer 188

- 11-yr change in suns activity (sunspots, flares, etc) | - causes effects in space, atmosphere, and E's surface

Answer 189

- strong aurora borealis - indicate hazardous charged particles in atmos. - severe storm could disrupt power grids

Answer 190

1859 - sunspots observed - southern aurorae observed far N on Australia - solar flares observed - flare associated w/ major coronal mass ejection (CME) that hit E w/i 18hrs - geomagnetic storm next day on E

Answer 191

- largest recorded - aurorae around the world, could read by them in US - telegraphs failed, shocked operators

Answer 192

Space Weather Operations, Research, and Mitigation - US task force against space weather - give 0.5 -2 day warning

Answer 193

- huge areas, up to 4000km2 - high winds, up to 240km/hr - storm surges raising sea level, 6+m - heavy rains

Answer 194

- powerful rotating low-P system - warm core - form between 5-20º of eq.

Answer 195

Hurricanes in Atlantic Typhoons in Pacific Cyclones in Indian

Answer 196

1. Cyclone, Bangladesh, 1970, 400,000d 2. Eq., China, 1976, 255,000d 3. Eq+tsunami, Indonesia, 2004, 245,000d 4. Eq., Haiti, 2010, 230,000d 5. Cyclone, Myanmar, 2008, 140,000 6. Cyclone, Bangladesh, 1991, 140,000

Answer 197

1. Hurricane Katrina, USA, 2005, $50,850 millions of 2010 US dollars 2. Hurricane Andrew, USA, 1992, $25,170 MUS 3. Terrorist attack, US, 2001, $23,409 4. Eq, USA, 1994, $,849 5. Hurricane Ike 6. Hurricane Ivan 7. Hurricane Rita 8. Hurricane Wilman 9. Hurricane Charley

Answer 198

1. Galveston, Atl., 1900, 80-100d 2. The August Gale, Atl., 1927, 56d 3. Hazel, Atl., 1954, 81d Pacific only has 2 in top 15

Answer 199

- hurricane season June 1- Nov 30 - peak mid-August- late October - storm diameter 200-1300km - lifespan 1-30 days - direction - W then N - surface winds counter-clockwise

Answer 200

- warm SST (>27ºC in upper 60m) - warm, humid, unstable air - weak upper level wind - coriolis

Answer 201

-P gradient - force towards low P eye -Coriolis - perpendicular to motion -Centrifugal - radially outward -Friction - opposes motion NET motion - spiral in

Answer 202

1. Tropic disturbance 2. Tropical depression 3. tropical storm 4. Hurricane

Answer 203

low P zone, draws in thdrstorms - weak winds, 36km/hr - not named

Answer 204

- strengthening wind, 27-63km/hr - coriolis causes cyclonic wind flow about low P core - converging winds flow upwards near core, moisture condenses, releasing latent heat, intensified updraft - not named - identified by number

Answer 205

winds 64-118km/hr | -identified by name

Answer 206

winds >119km/hr - now winds reach core, forms eye - identified by name

Answer 207

- generally circular, 30-65km - calm, clear, low P - surrounded by eyewall

Answer 208

- cylindrical area of upward spiralling winds | - strongest wind of hurricane

Answer 209

when cut off from water water E source - landfall - moving over cold water (Canada)

Answer 210

generally, in NH: 1. start at 10-20ºN 2. trades winds push to west at low lats. 3. coriolis forces push to right 4. westerlies push to East at higher lats. 5. path influenced by bermuda high

Answer 211

no coriolis!

Answer 212

high P zone over mid Atlantic

Answer 213

add/subtract wind speed - Hurricane w/ internal wind speed 160km/hr moving NW and 30km/hr - 190km/hr wind speed on ground to the NE - 130km/hr ground speed to SW

Answer 214

rise in sea level due to: - strong onshore winds pileing up water - low atmos. P beneath eye carrying mound of water - very dangerous if coincide w/ high tide

Answer 215

- 15-30km to right of eye path | - strongest winds

Answer 216

13m, Australia, 1899

Answer 217

storm surge

Answer 218

7/9 of most deadly weather events in 20th C - deltas 30cm above sea level - 35% of country less than 6m above sea - 5 cyclones/yr - increasing population - increasing sea level

Answer 219

Saffir-Simpson Scale | Cat 1-5

Answer 220

Minimal - winds damage trees - 119-154km/h wind - 1.2-1.5m storm surge

Answer 221

moderate - blow down trees - major damage to mobile homes - 155-178km/h wind - 1.8-2.4m SS

Answer 222

extensive - blow down large tress - small buildings destroyed - ca 200km/h wind - 2.7-3.7m SS

Answer 223

``` Extreme -signs blown down -heavy damage to windows, doors, roofs -flooding kms inland -211-250km/hr wind 4-5.5 m SS ```

Answer 224

catastrophic -severe damages, buildings overturned ->250km/hr wind >5.5m SS

Answer 225

Florida, 1969 - Cat5, >320km/hr wind, 7.3mSS - 256deaths

Answer 226

1953-1979 only female names - since 1979 WMO uses preselected list of alternating fm/m names, recycled every 6yrs - names of extreme storms retired (Katrina replaced by Katia, Juan replaced by Joaquin)

Answer 227

- listen to warnings - evacuate from coastal area - park in safe place, not under trees - take cover - close/shutter/ board windows - secure items (lawn furniture, bikes) - stock food/water, batteries

Answer 228

- keep informed - stay in secure room w/o windows - use phone only for emergencies. - stay inside during passage of eye

Answer 229

- inspect property - report downed lines - take photos of damage

Answer 230

- Land-use planning: avoid pop. centres in low-lying coastal land - building codes: stronger codes for mobile homes, strengthen rook

Answer 231

- good governance allows - affluence to afford - science to inform regulation - and respond - democracies - high trust societies

Answer 232

- hyper active season - 7 named storms, tied for 5th most active season - ACE + number major hurricanes highest since 2005 - costliest year on record - 2nd yr on record w/ 2 Cat5's making landfall - Irma strongest ever outside of GoMex and Caribbean - only yr that 3 hurricanes had ACE >40 (Irma, Jose, Maria)

Answer 233

accumulated cyclone energy

Answer 234

US$316.51B | -mostly all due to Harvey, Irma, Maria

Answer 235

2005, New Orleans - costliest natural disaster (pre-2012), $50+B - 6th strongest recorded - 1/5 deadliest storms in IS history - 1800d, 700missing

Answer 236

one of most active ever - most named storms (28) - most hurricanes (15) - most major hurricanes to hit US (4) - costliest US hurr (Katrina) - costliest Mexican hurr (Wilma)

Answer 237

- 1.2M people - much of city below sea level, estuary, and Mississippi river - protected from lake and river by levees

Answer 238

Aug 25: hurricane status 2hr before reaching Florida, surprised, killed 14 Aug 26: 17% chance of hitting NO (by computer models) w/ 8.5m SS Aug 28: reaches Cat5 over GoM (unusually warm waters 28-32º), NO begins evac. Aug 29: landfall 55kmE of NO as Cat3, 195km/hr wind on Miss./Alabama coasts, 8m storm surge screeched levee in 53 places, flooding of 80% of NO

Answer 239

yes - years in advance - by reports, studies, journals, weather forecasts

Answer 240

- extremely heavy local rains as far north as CAD - up to 10cm rain in ON - flooding in ON, QB - 16" in FL 40cm - 15", 28cm in LA

Answer 241

- levee failures forecast, nothing done - weather forecast good, evacuation delayed - failure of leadership at all levels - low trust, corruption

Answer 242

- maintaining CAT4 or 5 - speeding up, earlier landfall - earlier break of levee - faster flooding

Answer 243

2003, near Halifax - Cat2, 160km/hr at landfall - extensive wind damage to NS, PEI - 8killed - $300M damage - 2m SS - worst storm to hit Halifax in >100yr

Answer 244

- 31% of homes in Halifax damaged - millions of trees damaged or downed - downed power lines - 300,000 w/o power - grounded boats

Answer 245

name Juan retired after its effects in Canada in 2004 | -first time CAD requested a name be retired

Answer 246

- well forecast, action taken at all levels - high trust society - ready to respond quickly after event - coherent response at all levels - not perfect, but good

Answer 247

appears in geo records after land plants evolve - Ordovician - 450Mya

Answer 248

- vegetation distribution, structure - carbon cycle - climate

Answer 249

- 10% of worlds forests - Boreal forests 60% of CAD surface area - BC dominated by temperate coniferous - ON, PQ, maritimes are temperate broadleaf

Answer 250

mixed coniferous and deciduous trees

Answer 251

- average 2.5million ha /yr | - huge inter annual variability

Answer 252

2.471 acres 10,000m2 100x100m

Answer 253

-C-H bonds broken in plants, generating CO2 and H2O | C6H12O6 + 6O2 -> 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy heat

Answer 254

- 3 elements required for a forest fire to burn - heat, oxygen, fuel - if 1 side of triangle is broken fire will die

Answer 255

1. Ignition 2. Preheating 3. Flaming combustion 4. Glowing or smouldering combustion

Answer 256

- human or natural - cigaretes, campfires, power-lines, equipment - lightning

Answer 257

water is expelled from plants by nearby flames and heat

Answer 258

- flames present - charcoal can be formed in absence of sufficient O2 - greatest E release of fire

Answer 259

- late stage - slower combustion - blue flame - smoke but no flame - rarely self-sustained

Answer 260

1. Ground fire 2. Surface fire 3. crown fire

Answer 261

0ften bellow leaves

Answer 262

up to 1m high

Answer 263

tops of trees

Answer 264

- tall grasses, small shrubs - enable ground fires to carry upward into tall trees and form major fires - multiple types of fire at once

Answer 265

- climate, weather - chemical constituents - insects - topography - people

Answer 266

- temperature - humidity - wind - lighting - soil moisture - rainfall

Answer 267

- some plants have high oil content - easy ignition - eg. eucalyptus - some species more/less resistant to beetle kill - monocultures spread fire more rapidly

Answer 268

-species such as mountain pine beetle destroy forests = easily combustible dead wood

Answer 269

- first time >60,000ppl so remote evacuate for fire in NA - ignited May 1 - burned 600,000ha - $3.6B in insured losses - >2400 buildings destroyed - no deaths from blaze (at least one vehicle crash on evac.) - 33º weather hard for firefighting - humidity 7%, winds 45mph - controlled July 5 - extinguished Aug. 2

Answer 270

- months ahead of typical fire season - low P center brought hot SW winds across FM - record daily highs of 33º - uncommon bad timing - light winter snow, no summer greening yet

Answer 271

- remove 1 wall of the triangle - water to remove heat - fire retardant to block oxygen - bulldoze forest to remove fuel

EOS 170 III Flashcards

(306 cards)