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Biology > EoY bio exam yr 7 > Flashcards

EoY bio exam yr 7 Flashcards

(131 cards)

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1
Q

What are nutrients?

A

Nutrients are helpful substances found in food, which provides useful stuff, for example, energy. All living things require nutrients to live. Nutrients are used for growth and development and provides nourishment.

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2
Q

What are the 7 nutrients?

A

Carbohydrates, Protein, Minerals, Fats, Dietary fibre, Water, Vitamins

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3
Q

Function of the large intestine

A

The last process before egestion. Absorbs water and salts into bloodstream and stores faeces for egestion towards the end.

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4
Q

The shorter wider tube that follows the small intestine

A

Large intestine

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5
Q

Function of the small intestine

A

Where the remaining nutrients (e.g. Glucose, amino acids, vitamins) are absorbed into the bloodstream

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6
Q

The long, thin winding tube that food goes through after it leaves the stomach

A

Small intestine

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7
Q

Function of the oesophagus

A

Muscular tube which moves ingested food from mouth to stomach

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8
Q

The long tube between the mouth and the stomach

A

Oesophagus

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9
Q

Function of the stomach

A

Produces enzymes and is acidic to break down food (enzymes) and kill bacteria (acids)

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10
Q

A sack-like, muscular organ that is attached to the oesophagus

A

Stomach

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11
Q

Function of the pancreas

A

Makes the chemicals (digestive enzymes) to be released into the small intestine

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12
Q

A gland below the stomach which makes lots of chemicals

A

Pancreas

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13
Q

Function of the mouth

A

Where food enters and first site of digestion. Food is chewed and mixed with saliva

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14
Q

The first part of the digestive system, where food enters the body

A

Mouth

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15
Q

What is digestion?

A

Breakdown of food - physical or chemical

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16
Q

What is ingestion?

A

Eating and swallowing food

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17
Q

What is absorption?

A

The taking up of small, soluble food molecules into the bloodstream by the process called diffusion

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18
Q

Why is Vitamin C important in the body?

A

Humans need Vitamin C in order to form an important protein called collagen, for the growth and repair of tissues in all parts of your body. It is need to form blood vessels, cartilage, and muscle. Not getting enough leads to feeling tired, weak, and irritable. However, too much can also cause stomach problems

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19
Q

What disease is caused by Vitamin C deficiency?

A

Scurvy, which causes bruising, gum and dental problems, dry hair and skin, and anemia.

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20
Q

Difference between glucose and starch

A

Glucose is a small carbohydrate the releases energy quickly. Starch is a large carbohydrate that releases energy slowly.

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21
Q

Benedict’s test. Positive result, negative result and food nutrient

A

Positive- brick red. Negative- light blue. Glucose

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22
Q

Iodine test. Positive result, negative result, and food nutrient

A

Positive- blue/black. Negative- yellow/brown. Starch

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23
Q

Biuret test. Positive result, negative result and food nutrient

A

Positive- lilac. Negative- Light blue. Protein

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24
Q

Difference between chemical and physical digestion, and where they occur

A

Chemical digestion is the use of chemicals to change the chemical composition of food- break chemical bonds. It occurs in the mouth by saliva, and also in the small intestine and stomach.
Physical digestion is the physical breakdown of food. Examples include in the mouth, by chewing, and also the stomach, by churning.

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25
Where does absorption occur?
Small intestine
26
How do villi increase rate of absorption
Increases surface area, which helps the absorption of the digested food molecules. They aslo have thin walls for fast diffusion. As well as this they have a good blood supply, and tiny projections on the surface of the cells called microvilli.
27
What is peristalsis?
When muscles contract and pull food through the digestive system
28
What is an enzyme, and what is its function?
An enzyme is a chemical that breaks down chemical bonds in food and speed up digestion by acting as a catalyst (biological catalyst). It is contained in saliva.
29
SLAPUK (for graphs)
Scale Line Axes Points Units Key
30
What are the 3 types of enzymes? What are their uses?
Carbohydrase- digests carbohyrdates Protease- dissolves proteins Lipase- dissolves lipids/fats
31
Independent, dependent and control variables
Independent- the one you change Dependent- the one you measure Control- the one that stays the same
32
Where do independent and dependent variables go on a graph?
Independent- x axes (horizontal) Dependent- y axes (vertical)
33
Process of diffusion
The movement of particles from a high to low concentration until dynamic equilibrium (when particles are evenly spread out but are still moving) is reached.
34
How to draw and label a bacterial cell
Cell wall, flagellum, cell membrane, cytoplasm, ribosomes, nucleoid (DNA), Villi outside.
35
What are fungi?
Decomposers that underfof extracellular digestion to get their nutirion (saprotrophic nutrition- releasing enzymes onto their food and taking in the soluble products of digestion)
36
Carbon cycle key processes
Photosynthesis, respiration, burning (combustion) and decomposition
37
Role of fungi and bacteria in recycling carbon
Decomposing dead organic material
38
What is a microbe?
A microbe is a very small living organism that we cannot see with the naked eye. In order to study microbes, we use a microscope. Examples include: plankton, bacteria, etc.
39
Bacteria colonies
lots of bacteria live in colonies- this doesn't make them multicellular, they are unicellular and just live in groups
40
Bacterial growth
Bacteria uses asexual reproduction to reproduce. They divide into 2 copies to reproduce, which is called Binary Fission (splitting in 2)
41
Cell membrane function
Controls what enters and leaves the cell
42
Nucleus function
Controls the cell's activities (stores DNA)
43
Ribosomes function
Makes proteins
44
Mitochondria function
Site of respiration
45
Cytoplasm function
Site of other chemical reaction
46
How big are animal cells?
They are between 10 micrometers and 100 micrometers in diameter
47
When drawing biological cells remember...
Size Pencil Labels Outline Detail
48
Vacuole functions
Contains sap which maintains pressure within the plant cell, provides sugars fro the growing plant and stores waste materials
49
Chloroplast functions
Contains chlorophyll which converts light energy of the Sun into sugars that can be used by cells (site of photosynthesis)
50
Cell wall functions
Maintains cell structure, provides structures for the plant, prevents cells bursting, made of cellulose
51
Are animal cells bigger than plant cells?
No. Plant cells are usually larger than animal cells, and have a more box like, fixed shape nad have some extra parts too.
52
Which enzymes are found in the small intestine?
Small intestine lipase, carbohydrase (maltose + amylase), protease
53
Which enzymes are found in saliva?
Amylase (starch)
54
Which enzyme is found in the stomach?
Pepsin (protease)
55
What is a decomposer?
An organism that chemically breaks down dead food e.g. fungi, bacteria
56
Which enzyme breaks down carbohydrates?
Amylase
57
What is saprotrophic nutrition?
The process by which fungi release enzymes onto their food and absorb the soluble products
58
Which process in the carbon cycle involves the release of carbon dioxide by burning fossil fuels?
Combustion
59
What is a pathogen?
A bacterium that causes diseases
60
Difference between Excretion and Egestion
Excretion- Sweating- removal of toxic waste particles from cells. Egestion- poo- removal of indigested food that hasn't been absorbed in the small intestine
61
What are the uses and sources of carbohydrates?
Provides energy; cereals, bread, pasta, rice and potatoes
62
What are the uses and sources of protein?
Growth and repair; fish, meat, eggs, beans, pulses and dairy products
63
What are the uses and sources of Dietary fibre?
Provides roughage to help keep the food moving; vegetables and bran
64
What are the uses and sources of minerals?
Needed I’m small amounts to maintain health; salt, milk (for calcium) and liver (for iron)
65
What are the uses and sources of fats?
Provides energy and store energy in the body and insulate it against the cold; oil meat butter
66
What are the uses and sources of water?
Needed for cells and body fluids; water
67
What are the uses and sources of vitamins?
Needed in small amounts to maintain health; fruit, vegetables, dairy foods
68
Large intestine definition
The shorter wider tube that follows the small intestine
69
Small intestine definition
The long, thin, winding tube that food goes through after it leaves the stomach
70
Oesophagus definition
The long tube between the mouth and the stomach
71
Stomach definition
A sack-like, muscular organ that is attached to the oesaphagus
72
Pancreas definition
A gland below the stomach which makes lots of chemicals
73
Mrs Grenc =
Movement respiration sensitivity growth reproduction excretion nutrition control
74
Magnification of eyepiece lens: x10 objective lens x40
x400
75
What is 1m in micrometers
1,000,000 micrometers
76
What are all living organisms made of
Cells
77
What’s the name given to organisms of only one cell
Unicellular
78
Multicellular
Organisms made of large numbers of cells
79
How long are animal cells
Between 10 micrometers and 100 micrometers in diameter
80
Contains DNA and controls activities of the cell
Nucleus
81
Cytoplasm
Where chemical reactions occur
82
Controls what goes in and out of the cell
Cell membrane
83
Makes proteins
Ribosomes
84
Where respiration occurs when energy is released from glucose
Mitochondria
85
Animal cells may have small granules of
Glycogen
86
Plant cells and animal cells both have:
Mitochondria, cell membrane, nucleus, ribosomes, cytoplasm
87
Plant cells are (larger/smaller) than animal cells, have a box like structure and have some extra parts
Larger
88
A ______ _______ is outside the cell membrane, which is made of ______. This is strong and prevents cell from ________ if the cell gains lots of water.
Cell wall, cellulose, bursting
89
Permanent vacuole
Contains a dilute solution of sap and stores waste substances.
90
Chloroplasts
Contains chlorophyll Needed for photosynthesis Has green colour Makes Glucose which can be stored as starch if there is too much.
91
Sperm cell function Sperm cell structure
Fertilises the egg -tail to help swim -lots of mitochondria for energy
92
Egg cell function Structure
To be fertilised and provide nutrition for embryos -large ytoplasm (food) -lots of mitochondria
93
Ciliated epithelial cell function Structure
To carry dust and bacteria through airway -tiny hairs in the cilia
94
Nerve cell function Structure
Carries messages (impulses) around the body -long thin shape
95
Small intestine cell function Structure
Absorbs small food molecules -have microvilli for large surface area for absorption
96
Red blood cell function Structure
Carries O2 in blood -has haemogoblin to stick oxygen molecules -no nucleus to allow more room for more oxygen -small
97
Name 10 organs
E.g. Brain, trachea, œsophages, lungs, heart, muscles, bone, liver, stomach large intestine, small intestine, rectum, bladder, appendix, pancreas, anus.
98
Smallest to largest Ecosystem, organ systems, tissues, cells, organelle, communities, organisms, populations, organs, biosphere
Organelle, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, organisms, communities, ecosystems, populations, biosphere
99
Roots
Keep plant anchored in soil and obtain water for photosynthesis
100
Needed to stop plant from wilting so can catch more sunlight for photosynthesis
Water
101
Transported in water and some are needed to make protein
Minerals
102
Used for bringing nutrients from the root, up the stem and to the leaf
Xylem cells
103
Pores in the leaf called _________ which allow ___________ from the air in for photosynthesis
Stomata, CO2
104
Many of these in palisade cells used to trap sunlight for photosynthesis
Chloroplasts
105
Diet
The food we eat/drink day-day
106
Balanced diet
A diet that gives us all the nutrients we need in the correct proportions
107
What molecules do we get from the breakdown of food, that we use in respiration
Glucose
108
Glucose
Small carbohydrate that releases energy quickly
109
Starch
A large carbohydrate that releases energy slowly
110
For glucose, n/light blue p/brick red
Benedict’s test
111
For starch, n/ yellow-brown, p/ blue-black
Iodine
112
For protein, n/light blue, p/lilac
Biuret
113
Respirations équation
Oxygen + Glucose —> Carbon Dioxide + Water
114
SPLOD
Size Pencil Labels Outline Detail
115
Difference between breathing and respiration
Breathing is the physical process of inhaling air into the lungs and exhaling it out, while respiration is the chemical process where cells utilize oxygen to produce energy and release carbon dioxide.
116
Photosynthesis equation
Water + CO2 --energy from the sun-> glucose + oxygen
117
Ideal conditions for microbes to flourish
Warm temperatures Lots of food Lots of space 38 degrees (around body temp)
118
Magnification calculation
Image size / actual size ; Magnification = eyepiece lens x objective lens
119
Five kingdoms
Animals, plants, fungi, protoctista and prokaryotes
120
How to plate bacteria using aseptic techniques
Clean work area thoroughly uding anti-septic Wash hands before + after experiment Wear lab coat
121
Microscope labelling
Eyepiece - what u look thu (x10) Course focus - adjusts quickly, used for x4 and x10 magnification Fine focus - adjusts slowly, used for x40 magnification lens - what you look thru, choose magnification Stage - put ur slide here Light source - allow u to see the subject
122
Circulatory organ system Example of organ in system Example of tissue in that organ Function of the system
Heart Muscle tissue Transport blood around the body
123
Respiratory organ system Example of organ in system Example of tissue in that organ Function of the system
Lumgs Epithelial tissue Get oxygen in the blood and remove CO2 from it
124
Urinary organ system Example of organ in system Example of tissue in that organ Function of the system
Bladder Muscle tissue Eliminates liquid waste
125
Reproductive organ system Example of organ in system Example of tissue in that organ Function of the system
Ovaries Epithelial tissue To allow reproduction
126
Hormonal (endocrine) organ system Example of organ in system Example of tissue in that organ Function of the system
Pancreas Endocrine tissue Regulates many things
127
Nervous organ system Example of organ in system Example of tissue in that organ Function of the system
Brain Nerve tissue Sends messages
128
Digestive organ system Example of organ in system Example of tissue in that organ Function of the system
Stomach Muscle tissue Break down the food we ingest
129
Skeletal organ system Example of organ in system Example of tissue in that organ Function of the system
Bone Bone marrow Support the body/ protect the other organs, etc. etc.
130
Plant organs
Flower, leaves, stems, roots
131
Biology graphs:
Best fit, don't connect to origin, line graphs dot to dot

Biology (3 decks)

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