EOYE Y9 Flashcards
1
Q
What were Jim Crow laws?
A
State and local laws enforced in the southern states of North America that legalised segregation of coloured and white Americans
2
Q
Who were the ancestors of black Americans living in the early 20th century?
A
Slaves from Africa who were shipped to America for working on farms to produce cash crops
3
Q
What percentage of African American people living in the south were still slaves in the early 20th century?
A
89%
4
Q
What does the KKK stand for?
A
Klu klux klan
5
Q
How big was the KKK at the height of its enrollment in 1923?
A
5 million members
6
Q
What was the KKK’s WASP category?
A
- Stood for White Anglo-Saxon Protestant
- you could only be a members of the KKK if you fit this criteria
7
Q
What did all members of the KKK swear an oath to?
A
- they would swear an oath to the loyalty of America + fight against anyone foreign to the USA
8
Q
What was the KKK ‘made to do’?
A
Made to keep foreigners such as blacks, catholics and Jews ‘in their place’
9
Q
What did the attire of the KKK look like?
A
- ghost-like appearance
- wore white robes with pointed hoods and white masks and gloves
- held the American flag and flaming crosses
- marched in dead silence
10
Q
Who did the southern members of the KKK focus their attacks on? Why?
A
- the southern members of the KKK focused their attacks on black people
- committed physical abuse = lynching, whipping and branding
- committed damage such as arson and bombing to AA homes
They did this because of their remaining white supremacy ideology as most blacks used to be slaves and whites were theirs masters
11
Q
Why did the police fail to protect African Americans when they reported the KKK?
A
A lot of the KKK consisted of police members and government officials, meaning that they were corrupt
12
Q
What happened on the 8th august 1925?
A
50,000 members of the KKK marched in Washington DC on a large main road
13
Q
What was the significance of the event occurring on 8th august 1925?
A
- occurred on a main road = meant that politicians and local government were in the KKK as they allows a racist organisation’s march to happen
- the members didn’t wear the mask over their faces or the hoods, meaning that they were not ashamed to be doing such a heinous act
14
Q
What is the 1896 Plessy vs Ferguson?
A
Stated that all citizens in the USA should be separate but equal - they look different to each other they can still have separate and equal facilities
15
Q
Why was the fact that Emmet till was from the north of the USA mean that he was different to the African Americans in the south?
A
Since emmet lived in the northern states of the USA, he didn’t experience the segregation that happened with the Jim Crow laws in the south, therefore he didn’t know that he couldn’t interact with white people like he could in the north
16
Q
What happened to emmet till in 1955?
A
- he came to Mississippi by himself to visit his uncle, Mose wright
- he talked to some black boys outside of a convenience store and he told them about his white friends back in Chicago
- they dared him to go in and talk to the white lady working in the store as they didn’t believe his claims
- when he left the store, he said ‘bye, baby!’ On the way out
- the next morning at 2 am, he was taken from his uncles house and brutally murdered by 2 men
17
Q
Why was emmet till murdered?
A
- the lady that he said ‘bye, baby!’ to wa the shop owner’s wife, and she was appalled by his comment, and so was her husband
- he was forcefully stolen from his uncle’s farm by the husband and another man and murdered and stabbed with barbed wire till he was in a multilated stated and was chucked into the river, only to be recognised 7 days later by his ring with his initials on it
18
Q
Did the murderers of emmet till face charges?
A
No, as the court did not care about the case and didn’t give it much importance as emmet till was ‘just’ an African American. The KKK, also didn’t let the case go further and threatened emmet’s uncle and made him go into hiding. The murderers even sold their story to a newspaper and profited $4,000 off of it.
19
Q
What does the NAACP stand for?
A
National Association for the Advancement of Coloured People
20
Q
Why did Linda Brown’s father take the Topeka Board of Education to court?
A
- his daughter had to travel very far to a black school which had a lesser quality of education and resources as the white school very close to where she lived
- he wanted Linda to safely travel to a good, local school
- he wanted schools to be integrated and equal
21
Q
What was the final verdict of the Supreme Court in the brown vs Topeka case?
A
- the court announced that they would be ‘colour blind’
- this meant that all the public state schools currently implementing segregation would have to integrate and that all races would receive an equal and strong education
22
Q
What was the effect of the ‘colour blind’ decision?
A
- meant that 300,000 black children now went to integrated schools
- however, 2.4 million black children still went to Jim Crow schools as most of the southern states opposed the supreme court’s decision
- many state schools became private to avoid integration
- furthermore, president Eisenhower didn’t back up the supreme court’s decision as he didn’t want to lose the votes of the south
23
Q
Why was it good that the Supreme Court got involved in the brown vs Topeka case?
A
- highlighted a national issue which meant that it gained publicity and significance
- started the equality movement in education as the Supreme Court sided with the African Americans for the first time
24
Q
What happened of 3rd September 1957?
A
Central high school, Arkansas’ most prestigious high school, announced that they would be closing enrolling their first African American students.
- out of the 75 applied, only 25 were accepted and out of those only 9 came
- the 9 had organised to come altogether to school, but Elizabeth Eckford didn’t hear about this and walked alone
25
What happened to Elizabeth eckford on 3rd September 1957?
- she was followed to school by great masses of white people shouting horrible things at her and being very mad at her, shouting ‘lynch her!’
- when she reached the school, she and the other eight African American students were prohibited entry by state troopers put there by governor fabubus
26
What did president Eisenhower do regarding LR9?
3 weeks after the 9 black American students were prohibited entry into central high, president Eisenhower sent 1000 paratroopers and 10000 troops to allow the black children to go to school
27
What were the effects of Little Rock nine?
- president Eisenhower gets involved and supports the African Americans
- schsools gradually become integrated
- Little Rock 9 closed down and reopened as integrated
- public awareness - images on TV and newspapers about the treatment of Elizabeth eckford
- president’s involvement led to a bigger impact on the equality movement a he was much more well-known and visible than the Supreme Court in the Linda brown case
28
What percentage of bus riders in the 1960’s were African Americans?
75%
29
What was the rule of segregation in buses?
- the first ten rows were for white people
- black people weren’t allowed to sit next to white people
- black ppl aren’t allowed to sit parallel to white ppl
- black ppl have to give up their seat to a white person if the bus is full and there’s nowhere for the white persona to sit
30
What was the start date of the Montgomery bus boycott?
5th December 1955
31
How long was the original boycott meant to last? Why did it last longer?
- the boycott was originally meant to only last for 24hrs but then the AA of Montgomery met up and decided to only stop the boycott when segregation on buses will be illegal
- the churches in Montgomery started giving minibus rides
32
What happened on the evening of Monday 5the December 1955?
Martin Luther king gave a speech to thousands to African Americans at a meeting. They decided to only stop the boycott when the bus company stopped segregation. Churches around the world gave their support
33
What happened on 22nd February 1956? Why did it happen?
- Martin Luther king and 100 other were arrested for ‘plotting an illegal boycott’
- this was because the bus companies were starting to go bankrupt as barely anyone rode the buses
34
What happened in November 1956?
The Supreme Court ruled that segregation on buses was illegal
35
What happened in December 1956?
The bus company gave in, nearly 13 months after the Montgomery bus boycott began.
36
Why was the Montgomery bus boycott significant? What effect did it have on the civil rights movement?
- showed the world the effect that a non-violent protest could have
- strength in numbers + led the African Americans to believe in themselves
- the first direct form of action in the movement
37
What had been achieved in Montgomery after the bus boycott?
- awareness and publicity of inequality on buses
- integration in buses in Montgomery
- prompted the desegregation of many other facilities after this
38
What role did MLK play in the Montgomery bus boycott?
- was asked by Rosa parks and her friends to organise the boycott, as he was the new church leader, forming the Montgomery improvement association
- he helped everyone decide that they’d only stop the boycott once there was no segregation busses
- Distributed leaflets + organised the church minibus service
39
What happened after the first few days of the greensborough sit in? What did this cause Woolworths to do?
- the first day, there were only 4 students but the next day, they brought 23 more with them!
- on the third day, there were around 80 in total
- caused Woolworths to close down on 6th feb
40
Why was the greensborough sit in successful?
- the people participating were students at uni who didn’t have jobs to lose and were idealistic and determined to
- Non-violent protest
41
What was the aim of the greensborough sit in?
- they wanted to prove a point- wanted equality in public places such as lunch counters
- wanted to show that Woolworths benefited equally from both white and black customers
- create publicity for the treatment of AA in public places
- direct action to address the problem
- STOP SEGREGATION
42
What were the effects of the greensborough sit in?
- publicity for civil rights campaign
- shows the power of a peaceful protest
- gained support and awakens for inequality in the south
- other areas desegregated by themselves
- white Americans were also involved
- Eisenhower showed his support
43
25th July 1960
The first black customer was served at the lunch counter, 5 months after the initial greensborough sit in! This is because they must have been losing lots of profits
44
What happened to those who were taking part in the greensborough sit ins?
- faced lots of physical attacks and abuse from white people = however protestors didn’t retaliate
- many were arrested for breaking the law, but the whites weren’t arrested for abuse = shows the hypocrisy
- gained publicity = media coverage showed the abuse of black Americans doing nothing and white Americans abusing them = sympathy form whites in the north
45
When was the children’s crusade?
April - May 1963
46
Why was it important to have the children’s crusade in Birmingham Alabama?
Birmingham was the most segregated city in the USA and so wanted to end segregation there in the hope of ending it there to show that, if even the most segregated city can desegregate, then so can all the USA.
47
What happened to the children when the police got involved in stopping the children’s crusade?
- the chief police brought in firemen armed with firehoses and aimed them at the children, breaking their bones
- the police set dogs onto the children, biting them
48
Why was it important that young children were involved in the children’s crusade?
- used young children to show the difference to the rest of the the world between innocent African American children and the cruel white men attacking them = gained publicity they desired as the world was shocked by this heinous act
49
What were the effects of the children’s crusade?
- paved the way for the civil rights act of 1964, which ended segregation in public places and banned employment discrimination
50
1839
Treaty of London - alliance between Britain and Belgium
51
1871
Germans take Alsace-Lorraine from France
52
1879
Dual alliance is formed between Germany and Austria-Hungary
53
1882
Triple alliance was formed
54
1894
Franco-Russian Alliance
55
1904
Entente cordiale between Britain and France
56
1906
British Dreadnought Launch
57
1907
Triple entente was formed
58
1912
First Balkan war starts
59
1913
First Balkan war ends + second Balkan war starts
60
28th june 1914
Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand
61
1st July 1914
Battle of the Somme
62
1954
Linda Brown case (Brown vs Topeka Board of Education)
63
1955
Murder of emmet till + start of Montgomery bus boycott
64
1956
End of Montgomery Bus Boycott
65
1957
Little Rock 9
66
1960
Greensborough sit in
67
1964
Civil rights act of 1964
68
1965
Voting rights act
69
1968
- 1968 olympics - gold + bronze winners of 200m run (both AA) a took off shoes and held up their fists in black gloves to symbolise black power movement + poverty
- assassination of MLK
70
1963
Children’s crusade
71
What was the impact of president Eisenhower?
- introduced the first civil rights act passed since 1875
- made stand against southern governments who were breaking the law
- sent the troops in during Little Rock Nine
72
What was the impact of president Kennedy?
- keen to deal with inequality of black people + hated in the south as he was seen as an interfering northerner
- Kennedy didn’t want to lose the votes of the southern democrats so didn’t play a leading role in the CRM
- sent troops so James Meredith could study at university of Mississippi
73
What was the impact of president Johnson?
- southerner = knew how southern democrats would think therefore could pass many acts
- passed civil rights act of 1964
- fair housing act of 1967
- voting rights act 1965
- allowed interracial marriage 1967
74
Franz Ferdinand - when, where and why was he assassinated?
- when = 28/06/1914
- where = Sarajevo, Bosnia
- why = the black hand gang wanted to free Bosnia from A-H and get a greater Serbia as there were lots of Serbs in Bosnia and they wanted to reunite
75
What was the blank cheque?
Germany said that if Russia was to aid Serbia against A-H, then Germany would aid A-H against Serbia
76
Explain what was supposed to happen according to the Germans with the schlieffen plan
- Russians would take 6 weeks to mobilise troops to attack Germany
- during that time, Germans would pass through Belgium and take Liege
- then they would pass into France and take Paris, the capital in a total of 6 weeks
- once the capital was taken, the whole of the country would surrender
- then Germans would be able to fight against Russia
77
Explain the failure of the schlieffen plan
- the Russians mobilised troops in 10 days = Germans were fighting on 2 fronts simultaneously
- they were met with resistance in Belgium from BEF, fighting the battles of Mons + Marne
This meant that Germans couldn’t take France
78
What was the race to the sea?
Once the Germans replied that they couldn’t take France, they were determined to outflank the BEF and France in a race to the sea, in an attempt to stop supplies getting to the enemy. They dug trenches from the Swiss border to Belgium coast to protect soldiers, and so did the brits. The British needed to secure a port for supplies from Britain for the BEF + French allies
79
What were the 2 alliances?
Triple entente and Triple alliance
80
Which countries were in the triple entente?
Britain, France and Russia
81
Which countries were in the triple alliance?
Germany, Italy and Austria-Hungary
82
Why could alliances be seen as a factor in outbreak of WW1?
- lead to the involvement of more countries due to loyalties in alliances = problems regarding assassination of Franz Ferdinand could’ve been solved between A-H and Serbia
- creates tensions and conflict before war can even happen as countries already know what sides there are
83
Explain plan 17
- French would attack Germany by Alsace-Lorraine, which would be sympathetic towards France so would be able to pass through there
- French would do this quickly to catch the Germans unprepared
- French would capture Berlin, the capital, and then the whole country would surrender as well
84
Explain the naval race
- Germany wanted to become a world power so had to have a navy just about enough to threaten Britain’s, so they wouldn’t risk fighting against Germans (RISK THEORY)
- Britain used TWO POWER STANDARD, and wanted their navy to be x2 the size of the 2 largest navies combined
85
HMS Dreadnought - what was it + why was it special?
- most powerful battleship ever built = made all the other ones seem out-dated
- faster, more thickly armoured than any other one
- designed to fight long range
86
What did HMS dreadnought have aboard each ship that made it essentially invincible?
10 huge guns that could blow up enemy ships 32km away
87
How did Germany try to expand its navy?
- German navy ordered 41 battleships + 60 cruisers to be built
- navy chief set up a naval league to encourage Germans to join the navy
88
Why could Militarism be seen as a factor in the outbreak of WW1?
- rising tensions between great powers
- competitions between nations to have the largest navies
- makes countries more ready for war should it happen
89
Explain the idea of nationalism in the balkans
- 1908 = Bosnia (a Serb state) was annexed into A-H empire
- Serbia wanted to have a greater Serbia with the Serbs of Bosnia
- S wanted Russia to support it, but this was stopped by Germany, who threatened for war in 1909
-Balkan war 1912-1913 = increasing nationalism of Serbs in Bosnia wanting to join Serbia
90
Why could nationalism in the balkans be seen as factor for WW1?
- nationalism causes countries to break away from their empires and creates tension within empires
- this causes instability in empires, meaning that just one incident could trigger major issues in the whole area
91
Where was the western front?
Border between Germany and France
92
Why were trenches dug along the western front?
To protect the soldiers on both sides from artillery and machinery because of the stalemate in the race to the sea
93
Describe the shape of the trenches
- communication trenches = allow soldiers to communicate between the first and second line of trenches
- zig p-zag shape = prevents complete damage of trenches if enemy were to attack
94
Describe the interior structure of the trenches
- dug-outs = provide protection + cover from enemy/ weather
- duckboard = place to stand to prevent getting wet boots
- depth of trenches = just over 6 foot deep so soldiers could be concealed
- sandbags behind trench = soldiers couldn’t be seen
95
Describe daily life in the trenches
- monotonous = fighting didn’t happen 24/7
- cleaning + inspection of weapons
- delousing uniform
- shovel work + trench maintenance
96
Describe the Food + meals received in the trenches
- all soldiers had one tin pan that they had to eat everything from
- biscuits, tea, tinned beef, one piece of bread
- drinking water didn’t arrive so water from shell holes had to be boiled
97
Describe the hygiene in the trenches
- trench foot due to wet boots
- teeming with rats and lice
- unclean uniform if you were in the front line for long time
- muddy when it rained
98
Describe the impact of weather conditions on the trenches
- in winter, trenches would flood and freeze
- large amounts of rain lead to lots of trench foot
99
Describe the dangers of the trenches
- shell shock
- enemy snipers could kill unsuspecting soldiers
- poison gas attacks from enemies
100
Name some weapons used in WW1
- machine guns = fires 600 bullets per minute, automatic
- artillery = fires shells + most destructive weapon
- grenades = British used mills bomb + germans used ‘potato mashers’
- rifles with bayonets
101
Advantages and disadvantages of poison gas
- ADVANTAGES = kept the enemy fearful, slowed enemy down, creates panic
- DISADVANTAGES = dependent on wind direction, not very discreet, preventable by wearing gas masks
102
Advantages and disadvantages of tanks
- ADVANTAGES = protects soldiers, scared Germans as they’ve never seen them before, very large and armoured - intimidating
- DISADVANTAGES = can get stuck in shell holes, really slow, difficult to manoeuvre
103
Why did the British want to attack the Somme?
- the Germans were attacking Verdun, and if they won, they’d be able to break through to the French trenches
- a British attack in the Somme was planned to relieve some pressure from verdun so some German troops would split off to go to Somme
104
What was the British attack Plan for the Somme?
- 1500 British guns were to bombard the German trenches for a week, and the British were convinced that there would be no Germans left alive
- then the British soliders would go up walking to the German trenches, filled with dead soldiers to claim the territory
105
What was the reality of the British attack of the Somme?
- German troops hid in their deep dugouts during the firing
- Germans also hid their machine guns in the trenches, meaning that they could easily be used
- British were slaughtered by German machine guns
- British didn’t account for thick barbed wire in front of German trenches
106
How many casualties were there in the battle of the Somme?
60,000 casualties and 20,000 deaths out of those
107
Why did the locals in Britain not know of the reality of the battle of the Somme?
newspapers were controlled by government and were censored to keep up morale + British army didn’t want to portray themselves as weak to the government
108
Describe the voting rights march of 1965
- although AA could vote they were physically prevented from doing so
- had to take a literacy test with absurd questions on it
- 1500 people marched from Selma to Montgomery
- they were blocked by police and then Martin Luther king lead a prayer session and then turned around, anxious to prevent bloodshed
109
1900
Germany ordered 41 battleships + 60 cruisers
