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Epidemiology Flashcards

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1
Q

occurrence and distribution of diseases, defects, disability, or death

A

Epidemiology

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2
Q

purpose of epidemiology

A

identify and prevent factors causing disease

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3
Q

uses

A
  1. history of population
  2. diagnosis of health
  3. working conditions
  4. estimation of risks
  5. identify syndromes
  6. clinical picture
  7. causes of diseases
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4
Q

Outline plan

A

1.Establish fact of presence
2. Establish time and space relationship
3. Relations to characteristics
4. Correlation of data

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5
Q

Establish facts of presence of epidemic

A
  1. Verify diagnosis
  2. Reporting
  3. Unusual prevalence
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6
Q

Establish time and space relationship of the diseases

A
  1. Limitations of cases
  2. Days, weeks or months
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7
Q

Relations to characteristics of group of community

A
  1. Age, sex, color, occupation, etc.
  2. Sanitary facilities: water supply, sewerage disposal, vectors
  3. Milk and food supply
  4. Known carriers
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8
Q

Correlation of all data obtained

A
  1. Summarization through tables and charts
  2. Final conclusion
  3. Establish source, manner of spread
  4. Suggestions for control
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9
Q

Collection of Lab specimen

A
  1. Rectal swabbing
  2. Food sampling
  3. Vomit, feces, blood
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10
Q

Treatments

A
  1. Analgesic
  2. Antibiotic
  3. Parenteral fluids
  4. Supportive/Emergency drugs
  5. Isolation
  6. Boiling & disinfection
  7. Admission
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11
Q

Immunization Campaign

A

> type of vax
disage, sched, technique
areas
target popu
evaluation of data

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12
Q

Envi Sanitation

A

> Water
Toilets
Garbage disposal
Insect & Vermin Control
Food sanitation

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13
Q

Health Education

A

> Individual
Community
School, Church

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14
Q

Other Agencies

A

> Public
Private
Civic
Religious
Voluntary Orgs

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15
Q

Reporting

A

> Telegraphic
Written

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16
Q

Evaluation & Research

A

> Assessment
Recommendation

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17
Q

Functions of nurse

A

> Maintains surveillance
Coordinates with members of team and community agencies
Case finding
Isolate cases of communicable
Renders care, teach, supervise
Performs methods of terminal disinfection
Follow up and refer cases
Keep records for submission

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18
Q

Vital Stats

A

systematic study of vital events

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19
Q

stats on popu and characteristics

A

NSO - PSA

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20
Q

birth and death certs

A

Office of Local civil Registrar

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21
Q

VS Sources of Data

A
  1. Population Census
  2. Registration of Vital Data
  3. Health Surveys
  4. Studies and Research
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22
Q

attributes observed like sex or race

A

Qualitative

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23
Q

variable that is measured: heigh, weight

A

Quantitative

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24
Q

Picking or selecting certain relationships

A

Random Sampling

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25
Techniques of Data Collection
1. Observation 2. Interviews 3. Survey
26
list of information that determines the health
Health Indicators
27
shows the relationship between a vital event and those persons exposed to the occurrence of said event
Rate
28
describe the relationship between two (2) numerical quantities
Ratio
29
total living population
Crude or General Rates
30
specific population class // limits the occurrence
Specific Rates
31
natural growth or increase of a population
Crude Birth Rate
32
formula of CBR
CBR = total # of LB per yr x 1000 / estimated popu as of July 1 same yr
33
number of births occurring during a calendar year to women of childbearing age (15 – 49 years)
Gender fertility Rate
34
GFR formula
GFR = total # of LB per yr x 1000 / midyear female popu (15-49)
35
mortality from all causes which may result in a decrease of population
Crude Death rate
36
CDR formula
CDR = total # of deaths per yr x 1000 / estimated popu as of july 1
37
risk of dying the 1 st year of life
Infant Mortality Rate
38
IMR formula
IMR = total # of deaths under 1 yo per yr x 1000 / total # of LB same yr
39
risk of dying from causes related to pregnancy, childbirth, and puerperium
Maternal Mortality Rate
40
MMR formula
MMR = total # of deaths from maternal causes per yr x 1000 / total # of LB births
41
pregnancy wastage, Death of a product of conception occurs to its complete expulsion, irrespective of duration or pregnancy
Fetal Death Rate
42
FDR formula
FDR = total # of fetal deaths per yr x 1000 / total # of LB same yr
43
risk of dying during the 1 st month of life
Neonatal Death Rate
44
NDR formula
NDR = total # of deaths below 28 days in a yr x 1000 / numbered of LB
45
risk of exposure of certain classes or groups to particular diseases
Specific Death Rate
46
SDR formula
SDR = deaths in specific class x 100000 / estimated popu as of July 1
47
frequency of occurrences of the phenomenon during a given period of time
Incident Rate
48
IR formula
No. of cases of a particular disease registered in a given calendar year x 100,000 / estimated popu as pf July 1
49
proportion of the population //
Prevalence Rate
50
PR formula
of new old cases of diseases during period of time x 3000 / estimated
51
risk of exposure
Attack Rate
52
AR formula
AR = # of persons with diseases x 1000 / estimated popu as of july 1
53
numerical relationship between deaths from a cause (or groups of causes), age (or groups of age)
Proportionate mortality rate
54
=zee
PMR = # of death from cause or age per yr x 100 / # of deaths from all causes
55
mortality of elderly people
Swaroops Index
56
SI formula
SI = no. of death above 40 and more x 100 / total deaths
57
killing power of a disease
Case Fataility Rate
58
CFR formula
CFR = # of cases from specific disease
59
minimum percentage that can be safely considered as the representative of the whole community
30% Rep 60% The Quorum
60
whole percetage
100%
61
Problems in Data Gathering
1. Uncooperative community 2. Defective/Inappropriate Questionnaires 3. Too many deadfiles 4. Inconsistent Data
62
Preventive Measures
> Proper information dissemination > Gen Ass or meeting > Proper explaining
63
Data Presentation
> Line or Curve > Bar graphs > Area Diagram
64
Health Stats importance
> tool in planning, implementing, etc. > indices of health condition > provide variables to nature > basis for success

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