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MICROBIO 160 > EPIDEMIOLOGY > Flashcards

EPIDEMIOLOGY Flashcards

(66 cards)

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1
Q

epidemiologist

A
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2
Q

etiology

A

the cause of a disease

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3
Q

john snow

A

mapped occurrence of cholera in london
father of epidemiology

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4
Q

ignaz semmelweis

A

showed that handwashing decreases the incidence rate of peurperal sepsis
- occurs after child birth

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5
Q

florence nightingale

A

showed that improved sanitation decreased the incidence of epidemic typhus

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6
Q

epidemiology

A
  • Determine etiology of a disease
  • Identify other important factors concerning the spread
    of disease
  • Develop methods for controlling a disease
  • Assemble data and graphs to outline incidence of
    disease
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7
Q

pathology

A

the study of a disease

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8
Q

pathogenesis

A

the development of disease

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9
Q

infection

A

invasion or colonization of the body by pathogens

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10
Q

disease

A

an abnormal state in which the body is not performing normal functions

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11
Q

symptoms

A

changes in body function that are felt by a patient as a result of disease

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12
Q

signs

A

changes in a body that can be measured or observed as a result of disease

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13
Q

syndrome

A

a specific group of signs and symptoms that accompany a disease

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14
Q

communicable disease

A

a disease that is spread from one host to another

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15
Q

contagious diseases

A

diseases that are easilt and rapidly spread from one host to another

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16
Q

noncommunicable disease

A

a disease that is not spread from one host to another
(ex: cancer, heart disease, diabetes)

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17
Q

incidence

A

number of people who develop a disease during a particular time period

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18
Q

prevalence

A

number of people who develop a disease at a specific time, regardless of when it first appeared
(takes into account old & new cases)

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19
Q

sporadic disease

A

disease that occurs only occasionally

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20
Q

endemic disease

A

disease constantly present in a population
(lyme, malaria)

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21
Q

epidemic disease

A

disease acquired by many people in a given area in a short time (ebola)

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22
Q

pandemic disease

A

worldwide epidemic (covid-19 caused by SARS-CoV-2)

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23
Q

pandemic disease

A

worldwide epidemic (covid-19 caused by SARS-CoV-2)

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24
Q

acute disease

A

symptoms develop rapidly but the disease lasts only a short time

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25
acute disease
symptoms develop rapidly but the disease lasts only a short time
26
chronic disease
symptoms develop slowly
27
subacute disease
intermediate between acute and chronic
28
latent disease
causative agent is inactive for a time but then activate and produces symptoms
29
herd immunity
immunity in most of a population
30
local infection
pathogens are limited to a small area of the body
31
systemic (generalized) infection
an infection throughout the body
32
focal infection
systemic infection that began as a local infection
33
bacteremia
bacteria in the blood
34
septicemia
also know as blood poisoning; growth of bacteria in the blood
35
sepsis
toxic inflammatory condition arising from the spread of microbes, especially bacteria or their toxins, from a focus of infection
36
toxemia
toxins in the blood
37
viremia
viruses in the blood
38
primary infection
acute infection that causes the initial illness
39
secondary infection
opportunistic infection after a primary (predisposing) infection
40
subclinical disease
no noticeable signs or symptoms (inapparent infection)
41
predisposing factors
make the body more susceptible to disease (gender, lifestyle, weight, genetics)
42
incubation period
interval between initial infection and first signs and symptoms
43
prodromal period
short period after incubation; eraly, mild symptoms
44
period of illness
disease is most severe
45
period of decline
signs and symptoms subside
46
period of convalescence
body returns to its prediseased state
47
reservoirs of infection
continual sources of infection
48
human reservoirs
carriers may have inapparent infections or latent diseases (typhoid Mary)
49
Animal reservoirs
zoonoses are diseases transmitted from animals to humans (rabies, lyme, flu)
50
nonliving reservoirs
soil and water (tetanus and cholera)
51
direct contact transmission
requires close association between the infected and a susceptible host (kissing, coughing, sex)
52
indirect contact transmission
spread to a host by a nonliving object called a fomite (tissues, towels, diapers, utensils, money, syringes)
53
droplet transmission
transmission via airborne droplets less than 1 meter (cough, sneeze, talk)
54
transmission by inanimate reservoir
waterborne foodborne airborne
55
mechanical transmission
arthropod carries pathogen on its body (household flies)
56
biological transmission
pathogen reproduces in the vector; transmitted via bites or feces (mosquitos, ticks, lice)
57
healthcare associated infections
acquired while receiving treatment in a health care facility (nosocomial infections)
58
HAIs result from
* Microorganisms in the hospital environment * Weakened status of the host * Chain of transmission in a hospital * Staff to patient * Patient to patient * Fomites (needles, catheters)
59
compromised host
an individual whose resistance to infection is impaired by disease, therapy, ,or burns
60
emerging infectious diseases
diseases that are new, increasing in incidence, or showing a potential to increase in the near future - most zoonotic (viral origin) and most likely to be vector-borne
61
Centers for disease control and prevention
collects and analyzes epidemiological information in the United States
62
morbidity
incidence of a specific notifiable disease
63
mortality
deaths from a notifiable disease
64
notifiable infectious diseases
diseases in which physicians are required to report occurrence
65
morbidity rate
number of people affected in relation to the total population in a given time
66
mortality rate
number of deaths from a disease in relation to the population in a given time

MICROBIO 160 (4 decks)

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