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Parasitology > Epidemiology > Flashcards

Epidemiology Flashcards

1
Q

What is a disease?

A

a pathological condition of body parts or tissues characterized by an identifiable group of signs or symptoms

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2
Q

Infectious Disease

A

A disease caused by an infectious agent such as a bacterium, virus, protozoan, or fungus that can be passed on to others.

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3
Q

What is an infection?

A

occurs when an infectious agent enters the body and begins to reproduce; may or may not lead to disease

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4
Q

Host

A

an organism infected by another organism

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5
Q

Pathogen

A

an infectious agent that causes disease

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6
Q

What are some types of pathogens?

A

-virus
-bacterium
-fungi
-metazoa
-prions
-protazoa

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7
Q

What are emerging diseases?

A

-diseases that have recently appeared within a population or whose incidence or geographic range is increasing rapidly.

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8
Q

What causes a disease to emerge or re-emerge?

A

¤ appearance of a previously unknown agent.
¤ evolution of a new infectious agent.
¤ spread of an infectious agent to a new host.
¤ spread of an infectious agent to new locations.
¤ acquisition of resistance to anti-microbial drugs.
¤ deliberate introduction into a population.

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9
Q

Endemic/enzootic

A

-constantly present in a certain population or region with relatively low spread

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10
Q

Epidemic/epizootic

A

when there is a sudden increase in cases spreading through a large population like a country

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11
Q

Pandemic/Panzootic

A

when there is sudden increase in cases spreading through several countries

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12
Q

What makes up the epidiomelogical triangle?

A

Host, environment, vector

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13
Q

Outcomes of exposure

A

-No infection

-Subclinical Infection–> immunity, carrier state ,no immunity

-Clinical–> no immunity= death

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14
Q

Incubation period

A

time between infection and the appearance of signs and symptoms.

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15
Q

Signs

A

are the physical manifestation of disease or injury that are measurable and reproducible and that can be recognized by any observer,
usually a health practitioner.

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16
Q

Symptoms

A

are clinical manifestations of a disorder of organs or systems
that can be recognized or perceived only by patients.

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17
Q

Prodromal phase

A

mild, nonspecific symptoms that signal onset of some diseases.

18
Q

clinical Phase

A

a person experiences typical signs and symptoms of disease

19
Q

Decline phase

A

Subsidence of symptoms

20
Q

Recovery Phase

A

symptoms have disappeared, tissues heal, and the body regains strength

21
Q

Mechanism of Disease

A

microbes cause disease in the course of stealing space, nutrients, and or living tissue from their symbiotic hosts

22
Q

How do microbes cause disease?

A

– Gain access to the host (contamination)
– Adhere to the host (adherence)
– Replicate on the host (colonization)
– Invade tissues (invasion)
– Produce toxins or other agents that cause host harm (damage)

23
Q

What is infectivity?

A

The ability to infect the host

24
Q

What is pathogenicity?

A

the ability to cause disease in the host

25
Q

Virulence

A

the ability to cause severe disease in the host

26
Q

Immunogenicity

A

the ability to induce an immune response in the host

27
Q

Modes of transmission; Indirect contact

A

¤ Via vector (an organism that carries disease-causing micro-
organisms, such as mosquito)
¤ Via dust particles, air, food, water, blood, tissues, organs,
fomites (inanimate objects that can carry disease-causing
micro-organisms—e.g., toothbrush, cutting board, toys, etc.
¤ Diseases that are commonly spread by means of fomites include the
common cold, cold sores, conjunctivitis, coxsackievirus (hand-foot-
mouth disease), croup, E. coli infection, Giardia infection, influenza,
lice, meningitis, rotavirus diarrhea, RSV, and strep

28
Q

Modes of transmission; direct contact

A

¤ Direct contact (person-to-person)
¤ Skin, saliva via kissing, sexual contact, aerosol from sneezing
or coughing (e.g. .Polio, hepatitis, HIV, influenza)

29
Q

Modes of transmission; vertical transmission

A

-transmission of disease from mother to child
-just before or just after birth
-through placenta or breast milk

30
Q

Modes of transmission; horizontal transmission

A

all other transmission person to person

31
Q

What is epidemiology?

A

the study of the distribution and determinants of health-related states or events in specified populations, and the application of this study to the control of health problems (CDC).

32
Q

Ratio

A

is the relative magnitude of two quantities or a comparison of any two values.
The numerator and denominator need not be related. Therefore, one could compare
any two events

33
Q

Proportion

A

is the comparison of a part to the whole. It is a type of ratio in which the
numerator is included in the denominator. A proportion may be expressed as a
decimal, a fraction, or a percentage.

34
Q

Rate

A

-is a measure of the frequency with which an event occurs in a defined
population over a specified period of time.

Ex. Number of COVID test in CA last week: 516,536
Number of positive tests last week: 21,843
Calculate the positivity rate for last week:

35
Q

What is prevalence?

A

The number of persons with a specific disease at a specific time point

36
Q

Incidence

A

number of proportion of persons developing a specific disease during a time period

37
Q

Morbidity

A

refers to the number of persons that are ill

38
Q

Mortality

A

Number or proportion of persons dying during a time period

39
Q

Fatality rate

A

-Proportion of persons dying from a specific disease among all persons
with the disease.

40
Q

Attack rate

A

-proportion of cases developing the disease among all persons who were
exposed to the disease

41
Q

Herd Immunity

A

Herd immunity is the resistance of a group to attack from a disease to
which a large portion of members are immune, thus lessening the
likelihood of a patient with a disease coming into contact with a susceptible individual.

Parasitology (8 decks)

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