Epidemiology

Question 1

The study of occurrences and distributions of health-related states

Answer 1

Epidemiology

Question 2

The pattern of frequency of the occurrence of health events particularly within a specific aggregate or congregation

Answer 2

Distribution

Question 3

Characteristics of descriptive epidemiology

Answer 3

Qualitative; explores the 4 W’s: What is the disease? Who is affected? Where are they? When do events occur?

Question 4

Characteristics of analytic epidemiology

Answer 4

Quantitative; assesses origins/causes of disease and determinants of health event; How does it occur? Why are some people affected more than others?

Question 5

Purposes of epidemiology

Answer 5

Monitor population health, understand determinants of health and disease in communities, investigate/evaluate interventions for disease prevention and health maintenance

Question 6

How do nurses use epidemiology?

Answer 6

Look at health and disease causation and how both prevent and treat illness; involved in surveillance and monitoring of disease trends (homes, schools, workplaces, and clinics)

Question 7

___ is the biggest factor in mortality rates over the age of 40

Answer 7

Age

Question 8

Components of the epidemiological triangle

Answer 8

Agent, host, environment

Question 9

Animate or inanimate factor that must be present for a disease to develop such as bacteria, fungus, virus, parasite

Answer 9

Agent

Question 10

Living species capable of being infected by the agent

Answer 10

Host

Question 11

Internal, external, and all given influences that can harm or potentiate the agent

Answer 11

Environment (moisture, darkness, light)

Question 12

Level of prevention that promotes health and prevents diseases before they begin

Answer 12

Primary

Question 13

Examples of primary interventions

Answer 13

Handwashing, wearing a seatbelt, taking folic acid in pregnancy

Question 14

Interventions designed so a person who has a disease will be diagnosed early enough for a cure (or best-case outcome)

Answer 14

Secondary

Question 15

Examples of secondary interventions

Answer 15

Health screenings, PAP, mammograms, colonoscopies, lipid profiles

Question 16

Interventions that limit disability and enhancing rehabilitation from disease

Answer 16

Tertiary

Question 17

Example of tertiary interventions

Answer 17

Rehabilitation centers

Question 18

Term used to describe precision (consistent results from person to person)

Answer 18

Reliability

Question 19

Term used to describe accuracy

Answer 19

Validity

Question 20

_____ trends are long-term

Answer 20

Secular

Question 21

Population or group of persons that have some characteristic of interest

Answer 21

Cohort

Question 22

Study in which cohort is followed over time to assess a health outcome

Answer 22

Cohort study

Question 23

Cohort study in which the cohort does not have diagnosis

Answer 23

Prospective

Question 24

Cohort study based on historical records such as medical or death records of those who were exposed

Answer 24

Retrospective

Question 25

Study in which subjects are enrolled because they are known to have the outcome of interest, or DO NOT have the outcome of interest

Answer 25

Case-control study

Question 26

Study described as a snapshot in time across a certain population or group; data is gathered on current health status and risk factors and is analyzed for trends

Answer 26

Cross-sectional study

Question 27

Bias that only looks at people who have survived a particular event

Answer 27

Survival bias

Question 28

Study that looks at descriptive components of disease rate (person, place, time) and analyzes the relationship between disease and rates; only aggregate data

Answer 28

Ecological study

Question 29

Characteristics of experimental studies

Answer 29

Randomization, control, blinding (randomized and double-blind is strongest study)

Question 30

Studies that assess interventions and whether they help with instances of overall disease

Answer 30

Community trials

Question 31

The nurse is reviewing hospital charts about C.Diff over the past year. This is an example of what kind of trial?

Answer 31

Retrospective

Question 32

Emergence factors of emerging diseases

Answer 32

Societal events, health care, food production, human behavior, public health, microbial adaptation

Question 33

Vaccine preventable diseases

Answer 33

Routine child immunization schedule, measles, rubella, pertussis, influenza