Epidemiology

Question 1

Epidemiology

Answer 1

study of diseases within populations

Question 2

Epidemiology is concerned with

Answer 2

distribution & determinants, morbidity, injuries, disability, mortality

Question 3

determinants

Answer 3

factors/events capable of changing health

Question 4

distribution

Answer 4

frequency of diseases vary from one population group to another

Question 5

population

Answer 5

looks at disease in a population groups – not individuals

Question 6

health phenomena

Answer 6

infection disease, chronic diseases, disabilities, injuries, lifestyles, mental health,

Question 7

aims of epidemiology

Answer 7

describe health status of populations, explain etiology of disease

Question 8

2 goals of epidemiology

Answer 8

predict + control

Question 9

epidemic

Answer 9

strikes many people at same time, rapidly spreading

Question 10

quantification

Answer 10

counting cases & examining distribution, present data, quantification allows to investigate by time, place, person

Question 11

morbidity

Answer 11

illness/relative increase of a particular disease in specific socialite

Question 12

medical anthropology

Answer 12

concerned with cultural aspects of health & medicine

Question 13

Robert Koch

Answer 13

1. microorganism must be observed in every case of the disease
2. isolated & grown in pure culture
3. pure culture must be isolated in susceptible animal, reproduce the disease
4. microorganism must be observed in, recovered from experimentally diseased animal

Question 14

direct transmission

Answer 14

-person to person contact
-exit portals
-portal for entry

Question 15

herd immunity

Answer 15

immunity of population against infectious disease

Question 16

incubation period

Answer 16

time interval between exposure agent to first symptoms

Question 17

generation time

Answer 17

time interval lodging of agents in host + maximum communicability

Question 18

colonization and infestation

Answer 18

not all exposures to infectious agents lead to illness

Question 19

iceberg concept of infection

Answer 19

active clinical diseases is small proportion of infection + exposure to agents

Question 20

inapparent/apparent case ratio

Answer 20

most polio cases do not produce severe disease = low % apparent

Question 21

indirect transmission

Answer 21

spread of infection through intermediary source
vehicles: contaminated water
fomaite: inanimate object like a doorknob
vector: insect, animal

Question 22

attack rate

Answer 22

infected/total exposed x 100

Question 23

secondary attack rate

Answer 23

spread of disease in household

Question 24

case fatality rate

Answer 24

deaths/infected x 100

Question 25

5 steps when investigating a disease outbreak

Answer 25

1. define problem 2. appraise existing data 3. formulate hypothesis 4. test hypothesis 5. draw conclusions, formulate practical applications

Question 26

main contributors to disease occurrence

Answer 26

agent, host, environment

Question 27

microbial agents

Answer 27

-bacteria (TB) -viruses (influenza) -protozoa (malaria) -mycoses (athlete's foot) -arthropoas (malaria) -helminths (round worm)

Question 28

infectivity/pathogenicity

Answer 28

capacity of agent to enter and multiply is host and produce infection or disease

Question 29

incidence

Answer 29

new cases of disease

Question 30

prevalence

Answer 30

active cases of disease

Question 31

virulence

Answer 31

severity (CFR)

Question 32

toxicgenicity

Answer 32

capacity of agent to produce toxin

Question 33

resistance

Answer 33

ability of agent to survive adverse enviromental conditions

Question 34

antigenicity

Answer 34

ability of agent to induce antibody production in the host

Question 35

immunogencity

Answer 35

infection's ability to produce specific immunity

Question 36

host

Answer 36

agent needs to be capable of infecting a host

Question 37

ability of infection factors

Answer 37

agent properties host properties important determinant

Question 38

environment

Answer 38

domain that is external to the host where the disease may survive, exist or originate

Question 39

reservoirs

Answer 39

fosters survival of infectious agents

Question 40

zoones

Answer 40

infectious diseases that is transmitted between species

Question 41

types of diseases

Answer 41

chronic and infectious

Question 42

early humans died from

Answer 42

predation, social mortality, starvation, exposure

Question 43

didn't get infectious diseases because...

Answer 43

nomadic, small populations

Question 44

neolithic revolution

Answer 44

transitioned to hunting + gathering

Question 45

with industrialization

Answer 45

large epidemics of infectious disease ex: influenza

Question 46

after urbanization

Answer 46

shift from infectious disease to chronic disease

Question 47

stages 1: (age of pestilence and famine)

Answer 47

high infectious disease, mortality, child mortality, low life expectancy

Question 48

stage 2: age of receding epidemics

Answer 48

improved sanitation, less infectious disease, more children, more old people live, life expectancy is over 50

Question 49

stage 3: age of chronic diseases

Answer 49

more chronic diseases, less infectious diseases (influenza), increased life expectancy, eat too much, too sedentary, smoking, drinking, drugs

Question 50

epidemiological transition today

Answer 50

humans suffered from more infectious diseases when agriculture started improvements in public health led to less infectious diseases and more chronic diseases

Question 51

today:

Answer 51

-chronic diseases are still a major problem -antibiotic resistance, overpopulation, deforestation, travel

Question 52

prokaryotes

Answer 52

first organisms

Question 53

cell wall

Answer 53

maintains cell shape, protects cell, prevents from bursting in a hypotonic environment

Question 54

gram stain

Answer 54

classify bacteria by cell wall composition

Question 55

gram negative bacteria

Answer 55

antibiotics target peptidoglycan and damage bacterial cell walls

Question 56

endopores

Answer 56

dormant, touch and non reproductive structure produced by certain bacteria