Flashcards in Epidemiology Deck (48)
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1
Define epidemiology
a public health discipline basic science which studies the distribution and determinants of disease in populations to control disease and illness and promote health
2
What are the 3 primary groupings in epidemiology?
disease; exposure; population
3
Who is the father of epidemiology?
John Snow
4
In regards to distribution of disease, what is the frequency of disease occurrence?
not only counts but also counts in relation to size of the population
5
What 3 aspects do patterns of disease occurrence encompass?
person; place; time
6
In regards to distribution of disease, Who/where/when = ____ epidemiology
descriptive
7
In regards to determinants of disease, why/how = ____ epidemiology
analytic
8
New occurrences of an outcome or disease is called what?
incidence
9
Existing occurrences of an outcome/disease is called what?
prevalence
note: includes old and new cases, collectively
10
(new cases of the outcome)/(# persons at risk of the outcome) = ?
incidence
note: always subtract out those who already have the disease
11
What is the equation for incidence rate?
#new cases/ person time (total net time people were at risk)
12
Occurrence of disease clearly in excess of normal expectancy is called what?
epidemic
13
an epidemic limited to a localized increase in the occurrence of disease is called what?
outbreak
14
define endemic
the constant presence of a disease within a given area or population in excess of normal levels in other areas
15
define pandemic
an epidemic occurring over a very wide area involving a large number of people
16
Explain difference between quantitative and qualitative research design
quantitative = numbers
qualitative = words
17
Explain difference between interventional and observational methodology
interventional = forced allocation to study groups
observational = no forced allocation to study groups
18
Explain the different phases of an interventional study
pre-clinical: bench research
phase 1: assess safety, small sample (20-80)
phase 2: assess safety and efficacy in diseased population, larger sample (100-300)
phase 3: primary focus is to assess efficacy, even larger sample (1000-3000)
Phase 4: post-marketing, long-term effects in large population
19
Define a single-blind interventional study
study subjects are not informed which intervention they are receiving but clinicians know
20
Define a double-blind interventional study
neither investigator nor study subjects are informed which intervention each subject is receiving
21
Define an open label interventional study
everyone knows everything
22
Inert treatments made to look identical in all ascents to the active treatment is called?
placebo
23
What is a double-dummy treatment?
more than 1 placebo used
24
What is the placebo-effect?
improvement in condition, by power of suggestion & due to the care being provided
25
What is the hawthorne-effect?
desire of study subject to "please" investigators by reporting positive results, regardless of treatment allocation
26
Group allocation in a cohort study is based on what?
exposure
27
Group allocation in a case-control study is based on what?
disease
28
What does a cross-sectional study examine?
the relationship between disease AND exposure
29
What is absolute risk reduction (ARR)?
subtract risks of two groups
30
