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EPIDEMIOLOGY Flashcards

(33 cards)

1
Q

study of distribution and determinants of diseases;

BACKBONE OF DISEASE PREVENTION

A

Epidemiology

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2
Q

components of epidemiology

A

Population
Distribution
Factors (Risk and Protective)

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3
Q

Father of Modern Epidemiology

A

John Snow

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4
Q

Role of Environment on health and disease

A

Hippocrates

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5
Q

First to employ quantitative methods in describing populatio

A

John Graunt

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6
Q

Cholera

A

John Snow

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7
Q

Vaccine for smallpox

A

Edward Jenner

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8
Q

Association between smoking and lung cancer

A

Doll and Peto

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9
Q

Epidemiologic concept of disease; >1 factor to cause disease

A

Mulitiple Causation

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10
Q

Components of Epidemiologic Triangle

A

Host
environment
Agent

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11
Q

epidemiologic concept stating that the effectsnever depend on a single isolated cause but rather each link is the result of a complex genealogy of antecedents

A

Web of causation

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12
Q

Environment is the fulcrum and either agent or host factors tip the balance to cause disease

A

Lever or Balance

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13
Q

The wheel

A

Man is at the center with its genetic makeup

surrounded by biological, social and environmental factors

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14
Q

invasion and multiplication of microorganisms that are not normally present within the body

A

infection

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15
Q

presence of FOREIGN MATERIAL that adulterates or renders a material impure

A

Contaminantion

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16
Q

Development ON the body of a pathogenic agent

17
Q

Transmission of infection by direct contact, droplet spread or contaminated fomites

18
Q

Types of epidemiological approaches

A

Descriptive - determinants and distribution of disease

Analytical - tests hypothesis

Interventional/Experimetal- new clinical trials

Evaluational - measures effectivenesss of different health services and programs

19
Q

Types of epidemiologic studies

A

OBSERVATIONAL

  1. Descriptive
  2. Analytic

EXPERIMENTAL

  1. RCT
  2. Field Trial
  3. Community Trial
20
Q

Both descriptive and analytical study

A

Cross sectional study

21
Q

type of study - describes distribution of cases by the variables of person, place and time to study and explain acute outbreaks of diseases; follow trends of diseases

GENERATE HYPOTHESIS

A

Descriptive Study

22
Q

Concerned with determining causes of disease occurence

TESTS HYPOTHESIS

23
Q

increase in the number of cases more or less regularly every around 5 years due to accumulation of susceptible births

A

CYCLIC INTRINSIC VARIABILITY

24
Q

fluctuation of disease occurence during a year reflecting climactic changes

A

seasonal variation

25
long term fluctuation of disease occurence over many decades
secular trend
26
endemic vs hyperendemic
endemic- constant presence or USUAL prevalence of disease in a given area hyperendemic - constant presence of VERY HIGH incidene of disease or infection
27
aka prevalence survey (snapshot in time)
cross sectional
28
study design for an interesting case; what does it hightlight
case report; | unawareness
29
study design for objective report of a clinical characteristic or outcome from a group of clinical subjects with similar diagnosis
case series; | highlights SIMILARITIES
30
inferential statistic of case control
odds ratio
31
advantages of case control
for rare diseases and diseases with long latent periods
32
how is a case control study done
case (disease) control (without disease) disease -> exposure retrospective
33
inferential statistic for cohort studies
relative risk