epidemiology

Question 1

GOAL of Epidemiology is to:

Answer 1

Improve the health status of the population.

Question 2

GOAL of Epidemiology is to reduce (3 marks)

Answer 2

Morbidity (illness).

Mortality (deaths).

Injuries

Question 3

define epidemiology

Answer 3

its the study of distribution of diseases in specified populations and application of epidemiological methods to handle it health problems

Question 4

define epidemiology

Answer 4

Epidemiology is the study of the distribution and determinants of diseases and other health-related states or events in specified populations and the application of epidemiological methods to control the health-related problems.

Question 5

examples of health related states and events

Answer 5

disease
injury
drugs use
accidents

Question 6

Diseases or and other health-related problems in the populations are quantified in terms of ………(4 marks)

Answer 6

rates
ratios
count
propotion

Question 7

what is descriptive epidemiology

Answer 7

it provides the who, what, where and when of health events

Question 8

what are determinants

Answer 8

they are factors that influence health i.e occurence of a disease

Question 9

what does analytic epidemiology tell us

Answer 9

how and why of health events i.e poor sanitation, high risk occupation, drug abuse

Question 10

classification of determinants (3 marks)

Answer 10

host
agent
environment

Question 11

what is epidemiological triad

Answer 11

presentation of the interplay between the 3 determinants i.e host, agent and determinants.

Question 12

host as a determinant ( i.e host as a factor that influences occurrence of a disease) (3 marks)

Answer 12

biological characteristics
socioeconomic characteristics
demographic characteristics

Question 13

environment as a determinant( as a factor that influences occurrence of a disease

Answer 13

physical environment
social environment
biological environment

Question 14

agent as a determinant( as a factor that influences occurrence of a disease

Answer 14

physical agent
social agent
biological agent
nutrient agent
chemical agent
mechanical agent

Question 15

what is study in epidemiology

Answer 15

process in which epidemiology undergoes to determine magnitude and determinants of health related events in populations

Question 16

Kinds of Epidemiologic Studies

Answer 16

Descriptive
Analytic
Experimental

Question 17

Descriptive studies……

Answer 17

Study of the occurrence and

distribution of disease

Question 18

Analytic studies ….

Answer 18

Further studies to determine the
associations between factors and
occurrence of diseases.

Question 19

Experimental studies …..

Answer 19

Deliberate manipulation of the
cause is predictably followed
by an alteration in the effect
not due to chance

Question 20

kinds of study methods

Answer 20

observational studies

experimental studies

Question 21

examples of observational studies

Answer 21

descriptive studies
case control studies
cohort studies

Question 22

LEVELS OF DISEASE PREVENTION (3 marks)

Answer 22

Primary Prevention
Secondary prevention
Tertiary Prevention

Question 23

what is Primary Prevention

Answer 23

Is targeted at the period before the disease infects the individual.

Question 24

what is Secondary prevention

Answer 24

is concerned with detecting a disease in its earliest stages, before
symptoms appear, and intervening to slow or stop its progression.

Question 25

what is Tertiary Prevention

Answer 25

Takes place during the advanced stages of the disease progression to minimize the complications or reverse the effects.

Question 26

Sources of Epidemiologic Data (7 marks)

Answer 26

``` Disease notifications Census data. Surveillance data Surveys (morbidity, mortality etc.). Reports (morbidity, mortality, etc. Records. Laboratory Investigations. ```

Question 27

USES OF EPIDEMIOLOGY (4 marks)

Answer 27

1. Determining the disease burden in the population. 2. Community diagnosis The presence, nature and distribution of health and disease among the population. 3. Searching for causes of diseases and other health-related conditions. 4. Learning about the natural history of diseases (NHD) and of their pathogenesis 5. Screening for diseases and risk factors. 6. Planning, implementing, monitoring and evaluating of health programmes. 7. Surveillance for specific health conditions in the population. 8. Identification and investigation of outbreaks or epidemics.

Question 28

what is natural history of a a disease (NHD)

Answer 28

NHD - Is the progression of the disease from inception to termination.

Question 29

Why knowledge of the NHD? (2 marks)

Answer 29

prevention | prognosis

Question 30

Stages in the NHD ( natural history of a disease) (3 marks) and level of prevention

Answer 30

Susceptibility stage ( healthy).----primary level Subclinical (or Pre-symptomatic ) stage.-----secondary level Clinical (or symptomatic ) stage.-----tertiary level Disability (or death) stage.

Question 31

Endemic -

Answer 31

Endemic - The habitual presence (or usual occurrence) of a | disease within a given geographic area

Question 32

Epidemic -

Answer 32

Epidemic - The occurrence of an infectious disease clearly in excess of normal expectancy, and generated from a common or propagated source

Question 33

Pandemic -

Answer 33

Pandemic - A worldwide epidemic affecting an exceptionally high proportion of the global population