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community health > epidemiology > Flashcards

epidemiology Flashcards

1
Q

GOAL of Epidemiology is to:

A

Improve the health status of the population.

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2
Q

GOAL of Epidemiology is to reduce (3 marks)

A

Morbidity (illness).

Mortality (deaths).

Injuries

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3
Q

define epidemiology

A

its the study of distribution of diseases in specified populations and application of epidemiological methods to handle it health problems

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4
Q

define epidemiology

A

Epidemiology is the study of the distribution and determinants of diseases and other health-related states or events in specified populations and the application of epidemiological methods to control the health-related problems.

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5
Q

examples of health related states and events

A

disease
injury
drugs use
accidents

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6
Q

Diseases or and other health-related problems in the populations are quantified in terms of ………(4 marks)

A

rates
ratios
count
propotion

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7
Q

what is descriptive epidemiology

A

it provides the who, what, where and when of health events

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8
Q

what are determinants

A

they are factors that influence health i.e occurence of a disease

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9
Q

what does analytic epidemiology tell us

A

how and why of health events i.e poor sanitation, high risk occupation, drug abuse

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10
Q

classification of determinants (3 marks)

A

host
agent
environment

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11
Q

what is epidemiological triad

A

presentation of the interplay between the 3 determinants i.e host, agent and determinants.

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12
Q

host as a determinant ( i.e host as a factor that influences occurrence of a disease) (3 marks)

A

biological characteristics
socioeconomic characteristics
demographic characteristics

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13
Q

environment as a determinant( as a factor that influences occurrence of a disease

A

physical environment
social environment
biological environment

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14
Q

agent as a determinant( as a factor that influences occurrence of a disease

A 
physical agent
social agent
biological agent
nutrient agent
chemical agent
mechanical agent
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15
Q

what is study in epidemiology

A

process in which epidemiology undergoes to determine magnitude and determinants of health related events in populations

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16
Q

Kinds of Epidemiologic Studies

A

Descriptive
Analytic
Experimental

17
Q

Descriptive studies……

A

Study of the occurrence and

distribution of disease

18
Q

Analytic studies ….

A

Further studies to determine the
associations between factors and
occurrence of diseases.

19
Q

Experimental studies …..

A

Deliberate manipulation of the
cause is predictably followed
by an alteration in the effect
not due to chance

20
Q

kinds of study methods

A

observational studies

experimental studies

21
Q

examples of observational studies

A

descriptive studies
case control studies
cohort studies

22
Q

LEVELS OF DISEASE PREVENTION (3 marks)

A

Primary Prevention
Secondary prevention
Tertiary Prevention

23
Q

what is Primary Prevention

A

Is targeted at the period before the disease infects the individual.

24
Q

what is Secondary prevention

A

is concerned with detecting a disease in its earliest stages, before
symptoms appear, and intervening to slow or stop its progression.

25
Q

what is Tertiary Prevention

A

Takes place during the advanced stages of the disease progression to minimize
the complications or reverse the effects.

26
Q

Sources of Epidemiologic Data (7 marks)

A 
Disease notifications
Census data.
Surveillance data
Surveys (morbidity, mortality etc.).
Reports (morbidity, mortality, etc.
Records.
Laboratory Investigations.
27
Q

USES OF EPIDEMIOLOGY (4 marks)

A
  1. Determining the disease burden in the population.
  2. Community diagnosis
    The presence, nature and distribution of health and disease among the population.
  3. Searching for causes of diseases and other health-related conditions.
  4. Learning about the natural history of diseases (NHD) and of their
    pathogenesis
  5. Screening for diseases and risk factors.
  6. Planning, implementing, monitoring and evaluating of health programmes.
  7. Surveillance for specific health conditions in the population.
  8. Identification and investigation of outbreaks or epidemics.
28
Q

what is natural history of a a disease (NHD)

A

NHD - Is the progression of the disease from inception to termination.

29
Q

Why knowledge of the NHD? (2 marks)

A

prevention

prognosis

30
Q

Stages in the NHD ( natural history of a disease) (3 marks) and level of prevention

A

Susceptibility stage ( healthy).—-primary level
Subclinical (or Pre-symptomatic ) stage.—–secondary level
Clinical (or symptomatic ) stage.—–tertiary level
Disability (or death) stage.

31
Q

Endemic -

A

Endemic - The habitual presence (or usual occurrence) of a

disease within a given geographic area

32
Q

Epidemic -

A

Epidemic - The occurrence of an infectious disease clearly in excess of normal expectancy, and generated
from a common or propagated source

33
Q

Pandemic -

A

Pandemic - A worldwide epidemic affecting an exceptionally high proportion of the global population

community health (1 decks)

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