Epidemiology, Aetiology, Signs & Symptoms - Prostate Cancer

Question 1

Who can develop prostate cancer?

Answer 1

Biological males and transgender males

Question 2

What age group is PC strongly linked to?

Answer 2

75-79 years old (increase up from age 50)

Question 3

How common is prostate cancer in men?

Answer 3

Most common cancer in menin the UK (2nd most common worldwide)

Question 4

Since early 1990s how much have incidence rates increased by?

Answer 4

48% - PSA tests brought in – more testing = more cases discovered

Question 5

How many men will be diagnosed with prostate cancer in their lifetime? (UK)

Answer 5

1 in 6

Question 6

Why does population number decrease over a certain age?

Answer 6

Men die of other causes

Question 7

How many new cases per year?

Answer 7

52,254 new cases/year (CRUK 2016-2018) 143/day

Question 8

What ethnicity is prostate cancer most likely in?

Answer 8

Most common in Black males (120.8 - 247.9/100,000) (Present 5 years earlier than other ethnicities e.g. age 45, it is also more aggressive with a higher mortality)

Question 9

Which ethnicity has the lowest prostate cancer rates?

Answer 9

Lowest incidence in Asian males (28.7 - 60.6/100,000) (Have higher rates for other cancers e.g. stomach cancers)

Question 10

How do rates vary by geographical location?

Answer 10

Rates vary by geographical location:
Highest in Northern Europe
Lowest in South-Eastern and Central Asia
2nd most common cancer in males worldwide in 2020
May be due to testing facilities

Question 11

How many deaths per year?

Answer 11

12,039 deaths/year (2017-2019)

Question 12

What is the survival rate - 1 year or more?

Answer 12

> 9 out of 10 men survive the disease 1 year or more

Question 13

What is the survival rate - 5 years or more?

Answer 13

Almost 9 in 10 men survive the disease 5 years or more

Question 14

How much have survival rates increased in the last 40 years?

Answer 14

Tripled - may be due to PSA testing (e.g. diagnosing earlier, treating earlier, less metastases)

Question 15

Stage 1 or 2 survival rate - 5 years or more?

Answer 15

Almost 100% of men diagnosed with Stage 1 or Stage 2 prostate cancer survive 5 years or more

Question 16

Late stage cancer survival rate - 5 years or more?

Answer 16

49% of men (1 in 2) survive5 years or more

Question 17

10 years or more survival rate?

Answer 17

78%

Question 18

Risk factors? (7)

Answer 18

Age
Ethnicity
Family history
Obesity
Hormones
Diet
Occupational exposures

Question 19

Percentage of prostate cancer arsing from inherited factors?

Answer 19

5-9%

Question 20

How much higher is the risk of prostate cancer if father has/had prostate cancer?

Answer 20

2.1-2.4 times higher

Question 21

How much higher is the risk of prostate cancer if brother has/had prostate cancer?

Answer 21

2.9-3.3 times higher

Question 22

How much higher is the risk of prostate cancer if second-degree relative has/had prostate cancer? e.g. uncle, grandfather, nephew

Answer 22

1.9 times higher

Question 23

How much higher is the risk for men with BRCA2 mutation?

Answer 23

Prostate cancer risk is 5x higherfor men with BRCA2mutation (7x higher for men less than 75

Question 24

Is there an association between BRCA1 mutation and prostate cancer?

Answer 24

There is a lack of evidence

Question 25

What is the increased risk percentage of men who's mother has/had breast cancer?

Answer 25

19-24% increased risk

Question 26

What is Lynch syndrome?

Answer 26

Genetic mutations in different genes that control cell cycle

Question 27

How much of an increased risk do men with Lynch syndrome have?

Answer 27

2.1-4.9x higher

Question 28

How much higher is prostate cancer in European men with metabolic syndromes linked to obesity? e.g. diabetes, blood pressure

Answer 28

30% higher

Question 29

What is the link between a higher BMI and prostate cancer?

Answer 29

Research shows a link between higher BMI (overweight/obese) and more advanced prostate cancer

Question 30

What is the percentage increase risk of dying from cancer with every 5kg/m2 increase in BMI?

Answer 30

15-20%

Question 31

What diets are linked to an increase risk of prostate cancer?

Answer 31

Diets high in calcium and phosphorus (found in dairy products) Red meat - 'probable/limited' evidence

Question 32

Which hormones increase the risk of developing prostate cancer?

Answer 32

Men with higher levels of IGF-1 (Insulin growth factor 1 - linked to cell cycle and cell death) and ‘free’ testosterone

Question 33

What is the increased risk percentage with high exposure (Malathion)?

Answer 33

33%

Question 34

What other materials increase the risk of prostate cancer?

Answer 34

Arsenic, Cadium, Rubber, Gamma radiation, working night shifts

Question 35

Signs & symptoms?

Answer 35

Feeling of not fully emptying Difficulty passing urine/hesitancy Nocturia Urgent or frequent urination Blood in urine or semen Decreased force of urination

Question 36

Signs and symptoms of metastatic prostate cancer?

Answer 36

Bone pain (spine, hips) Perineal pain Cachexia (extreme weight loss/muscle wasting) Loss of bladder control - MSCC