Epidemiology, Location Flashcards by Rachel Martin

Streptococcus pneumonia (pneumococcus)
Epidemiology

Most commonly in
newborns and infants
up to 2 years of age and
people >65 yrs old

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Corynebacterium diphtheria

Epidemiology

Rare in U.S.
endemic in developing
countries w/ low
vaccination coverage

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Acinetobacter baumannii

Epidemiology

Southeast Asia&tropical
Austrailia

pts w/ COPD, renal
failure, DM, lots of
tobacco/alcohol

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Bordetella pertussis

Epidemiology

Not as common in developed
countries;
Common in developing
countries w/ no vaccine

outbreak cases in
adolescents w/ waned
immune system

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Francisella tularensis

Epidemiology

Pneumonic tularemia:
more common in elderly
and in people w/ typhoidal
tularemia

Several routes:
Insect bites (esp. ulceroglandular)
Exposure to sick/dead animals
Rubbing eyes
Airborne (soil-->pneumonic)
Contaminated food/H2O
(undercooked food-->
oropharyngeal tularemia)

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Yersina pestis

Epidemiology

Rare; regionally restricted

Only contracted where silvatic
(rural, naturalzoonotic) plague exists
(entirely west of Mississippi and
confined to narrow range in West

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Brucella spp.

Epidemiology

Rare

recent immigrants from
mediterranean area, Mexico, or
those recently visiting these
areas & consuming raw cheese

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Coxiella burnetii

Epidemiology

Rare

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Chlamydia

Epidemiology

3-4 million cases of genital tract

infections/yr in U.S.

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Legionella pneumophilia

Epidemiology

Esp. summer and fall
8000-18,000/year in US but many
not diagnosed/reported

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Mycoplasma
M. pneumoniae
Epidemiology

most common in first two decades
of life
(common cause of CA pneumonia in
otherwise healthy pts <5yo

ages 5-20yo

disease more severe in males
(though incidence same)
temperate climates
large outbreaks in summer&fall
(causes up to 50% of all pneumonias
in the summer)
epidemics every 4-8 yrs
(esp. in closed populations, i.e.
prisons/miitary)

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Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Epidemiology

Foreign-born individuals

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Actinomyces israelii Complex

Epidemiology

Rare in U.S.
May occur at any age, but esp.
30-60year olds
Usually men

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Histoplasmosis
(Histoplasma capsulatum)
Epidemiology

endemic to Ohio and Mississippi
River valleys
(including Memphis)

up to 80% of residents have been
infected, w/ fewer than 5% symptom

endemic to central America

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Blastomycosis
(Blastomyces dermatitidis)
Epidemiology

Endemic in Mid-South, SE and Mid-
western parts of US

Systemic blastomycosis:
middle-aged/older men

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Coccidioidomycosis
(Coccidioides immitis)
Epidemiology

San Joaquin Valley of California

Disseminated infections more 
common in:
men
dark-skinned races
AIDS/immunocompromised pts

endemic to semi-arid climates of
Southwestern US
90% seropositive rate in these areas

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Mucormycosis
(Zygomycetes fungi:
Absidia, Rhizopus, Mucor Species)
Epidemiology

Very rare
Mostly seen in acidosis pts
(i.e. diabetes mellitus) or pts on
corticosteroid treatment

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Pneumocystosis
(Pneumocystic jerovici (carinii))
Epidemiology

Study These Flashcards

Immunocompromised pts

Most people infected by age 4
(adult infections due to new infection
via different serotype)

Influenza viruses

Epidemiology

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Types A and B cause seasonal
epidemics almost every yr and
pandemic when new&different strain

Winter/ early spring months

Pandemic strains occasionally

Zoonotic infections

Rhinoviruses

Epidemiology

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Year round, but especially in Fall and

Spring

Adenovirus

Epidemiology

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Esp. small children

GI tract infections in young children
(second only to rotavirus in incidence)

Endemic infections in late winter/
early spring (i.e. serotypes 1, 2, 3, 5…
esp in children)

New Military Recruits (ARD)

Coronaviruses

Epidemiology

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common
worldwide

seasonal
(especially children in the winter)

Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV)

Epidemiology

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Infants and young children (esp. 2-8mo)
Immunocompromised pts

Strong seasonality w/ RSV,
THE MOST PREDICTABLE EPIDEMIC 
DISEASE IN US
…emerges w/in community, increases
in incidence, then dies down (not as
widespread as influenza)

Peak season in Memphis is mid-fall
through early spring

In adults also common

Human Metapneumovirus (hMPV)
Epidemiology

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older children & adults –> ARDS
Children–> lower respiratory

Infants and young children!
immunocompromised pts

Most common in late winter & early
spring in US

Human Parainfluenza viruses 1-4 (hPIVs) | Epidemiology

Infants and young children immunocompromised pts ``` hPIV1…largest most defined outbreak (sharp biennial rise in croup cases in autumn of odd-numbered yrs) hPIV2…erratic outbreaks, usually follow hPIV1 outbreaks hPIV3…occur yearly, mainlly in spring and summer hPIV4…?? ```

Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome (HPS) | Epidemiology

Anyone, even healthy people Sporadic cases Especially rural areas

``` Streptococcus pneumonia (pneumococcus) Location ```

Commensal microbiota (asymptomatically colonizing 60% children and 30% adults) human nasal cavity (esp. mid- winter) as early as 6 mo of age Higher colonization in Native Americans, Aboriginal, disadvantaged members of society

Acinetobacter baumannii | Location

``` Commonly isolated from hospital environment (irrigating/IV solns) water organism sputum/respiratory secretions, wounds, urine ```

Francisella tularensis | Location

esp. rural areas can live for wks in soil, H2O, dead animals Worldwide

Yersina pestis | Location

New Mexico and adjoining States some Rocky Mountain States to the north

Mycobacterium tuberculosis | Location

Dry and oily locales

Nocardia Asteroides Complex | Location

Normal soil microflora | often associated w/ H20

Actinomyces israelii Complex | Location

Component of oral flora Periodontal pockets Dental plaque Tonsillar crypts

Histoplasmosis (Histoplasma capsulatum) Location

soil enriched by bird/bat excrement endemic to Ohio and Mississippi River valleys Endemic to Central America

Blastomycosis (Blastomyces dermatitidis) Location

Endemic in Mid-South, SE and Mid- | western parts of US

Coccidioidomycosis (Coccidioides immitis) Location

San Joaquin Valley of California

Aspergillosis | Location

ubiquitous in enviroment… | i.e. hospital air ducts

Mucormycosis (Zygomycetes fungi: Absidia, Rhizopus, Mucor Species) Location

soil and foodstuffs (more commonly found after environ. disturbances…i.e. tornado)

Influenza viruses | Location

Type A: birds, pigs, horses, humans, aquatic mammals, etc.=reservoir (respiratory and GI tract of birds) Type B and C primarily pathogens of humans

Rhinoviruses | Location

Nasopharynx (not likely in stomach or lower respiratory/GI tract b/c doesn't like acid or high temps)

Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) | Location

upper and lower respiratory tract (Restricted tropism, based on ability to attach…) Target= airway epithelial cells (also sometimes dendritic cells in lung)

``` Human Metapneumovirus (hMPV) Location ```

upper and lower respiratory tract (Restricted tropism, based on ability to attach…) Target= airway epithelial cells

Human Parainfluenza viruses 1-4 (hPIVs) | Location

upper and lower respiratory tract (Restricted tropism, based on ability to attach…) Target= airway epithelial cells

Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome (HPS) | Location

``` Depends on where host rat species lives… i.e. Sin Nombre virus-deer mouse--> endemic in Southwest U.S. Black creek canal virus-->cotton rat-->Southeastern U.S. ```

Epidemiology, Location Flashcards

(44 cards)