Epidemiology midterm 2 Flashcards by Ingvild Hellebø

In Europe the ticks are the most important means in the transmission of the ASF virus.

False

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Porcine teschovirus encephalomyelitis virus replicates in the gut.

True

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Asymptomatic pigs can shed the porcine teschovirus encephalomyelitis virus.

True

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Porcine teschovirus encephalomyelitis virus is shed in the faces’

True

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Porcine teschovirus encephalomyelitis virus is shed in the faces.

True

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Teschen and Talfan disease are caused by different virulence variants of the same virus.

True

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There is no vaccine available against infectious bursitis virus.

False

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The infectious bursitis virus can be isolated on CAM.

True

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The infectious bursitis virus causes anaemia.

True

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The infectious bursitis virus has more than one virulence variants.

True

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The avian hepatitis E is zoonotic.

False

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Noroviruses may be zoonotic.

True

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In RHD pathology we can see hemorrhages and infarcts in the kidney.

True

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In case of ASF infection viremia can last for months.

True

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The hemorrhage in RHD is the result of virus multiplication in the liver.

true

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FCV infection results in a two-phase fever.

True

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Virulent systemic feline calicivirus causes more severe symptom in kittens.

False

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VES can be easily differentiated from FMD by the character of the vesicles.

False

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VES is more contagious than FMD.

False

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Vaccination against FMD can prevent the infection.

False

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FMD infection in young animals leads to myocarditis.

True

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FMD erosions are characteristic with tattered edge and red base.

True

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FMD virus is carried in the tonsils, lymphatic tissues and hoof of the infected animal.

True

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The main reservoirs of FMD virus are cattle and buffalo.

True

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FMD virus is genetically and serologically uniform.

False

FMD virus cannot be isolated in cell culture.

False

FMD virus can be transferred by frozen meat.

True

In acute ASF the leading pathological lesion is haemorrhage.

True

Infection by moderately virulent ASF vinis results in high mortality of sows.

True

Swine vesicular disease virus cannot survive in the environment.

False

Humans are not susceptible to horse encephalomyelitis togaviruses.

False

American horse encephalomyelitis most frequently cause clinical signs is birds, horses and humans.

True

The host range of horse encephalomyelitis togaviruses is wide.

True

Togaviruses caused encephalomyelitis of horses occurs frequently worldwide.

False

Infectious tenosynovitis can be prevented by vaccination.

True

Avian orthoreoviruses can cause poult enteritis-mortality syndrome (PEMS).

True

Avian orthoreoviruses can cause inapparent infections in poultry.

True

Orthoreoviruses can cause encephalitis in cattle.

False

African horse sickness can cause lung edema.

True

African horse sickness is a notifiable (communicable) disease in Europe.

True

African horse sickness can cause encephalitis.

False

African horse sickness was transported to Europe by migratory birds.

False

Bluetongue vaccines induce serotype-specific immunity.

True

Rotaviruses can cause chronic enteritis and persistent infection.

False

Rotaviral enteritis of calves can be prevented by immunization of pregnant cows.

True

Bluetongue causes transient infection in cattle.

False

Swine vesicular disease virus causes viraemia.

True

Swine vesicular disease virus can cause vesicles on the snout.

True

The mortality of swine vesicular disease is generally above 50%.

False

Encephalomyocarditis virus has a narrow host range.

False

Rodents can maintain encephalomyocarditis infection.

True

Encephalomyocarditis virus can cause necrosis of the heart muscle.

True

Encephalomyocarditis is a zoonosis.

True

Trypsin sensitive avian orthoreoviruses can cause respiratory disease.

True

Swine rotavirus infection is frequently followed by E. coli secondary infection in

True

Avian rotaviruses can cause tenosynovitis

False

Avian orthoreoviruses can cause germinative (ovogen) infection.

True

Tick-borne encephalomyelitis mainly occurs clinically in humans.

True

Nairobi sheep disease is zoonotic.

True

Rift Valley fever is zoonotic

True

Akabane disease is zoonotic

False

Schmallenberg disease is zoonotic

False

Classical swine fever usually appears in a milder form in wild boar than in domestic pigs.

True

Domestic swine stocks are free of classical swine fever in most of the European countries.

True

Classical swine fever can be diagnosed easily by the characteristic symptoms and lesions.

False

Classical swine fever virus is rarely complicated by secondary infections.

False

Classical swine fever can be eradicated from wild boar populations by oral vaccination.

False

Classical swine fever virus can cause immunosuppression in pigs.

True

Classical swine fever virus can cause nervous symptoms only in suckling piglets.

False

Classical swine fever virus is shed with faces, when boutons appear in the intestines.

False

Border disease appears as fetal damage in pregnant ewes.

True

Only cattle is susceptible to BVD virus.

False

BVD virus can cause severe damage to fetuses in pregnant cows.

True

BVD clinically is mostly seen in cattle from 6 to 24 months of age.

True

Neurological signs develop only in a small percentage of the diseased animals. (WNF)

True

Clinical signs of West Nile fever are most frequently seen in birds, horses and humans.

True

The most important maintaining hosts of West Nile fever virus are water birds.

True

West-Nile fever practically is restricted to Africa.

False

Ruminants are long term carries of tick-borne encephalomyelitis virus.

False

Tick-borne encephalomyelitis exists as natural foci infections.

True

Tick-borne encephalomyelitis occurs throughout Europe and Asia.

True

False Despite being enveloped, the resistance of ASF virus in the environment is high.

True

Porcine teschovirus encephalomyelitis virus cannot survive in the environment.

False

Porcine teschovirus encephalomyelitis virus can infect pigs and cattle.

False

Porcine teschovirus encephalomyelitis virus is maintained by rodents.

False

Porcine teschovirus encephalomyelitis is mainly caused by serotype 1 strains.

True

By disinfection of the eggshell we can prevent IBDV infection.

True

IBDV causes immunosuppression in chicken between 2-8 weeks of age.

True

The resistance of infectious bursitis virus is very high.

True

The infectious bursitis virus spreads by mosquitoes.

False

Hepatitis E virus causes characteristic clinical symptoms in swine.

False

Sapoviruses cause gastrointestinal infections in human.

True

RHD causes airborne infection.

True

Vaccine against RHD is produced in rabbits.

True

Feline calicivirus may be shed by urine and feces.

True

The moderately virulent ASF virus does not cause fever.

False

Infected cats carry feline calicivirus at least for a month.

True

We can differentiate VES from FMD by the lack of lameness.

False

Vesicular exanthema of swine is sea-mammal origin.

True

Comparing to cattle swine show milder vesicular symptoms.

True

Vaccinated animals can carry FMD virus.

True

FMD virus is shed by semen too.

True

Shedding of FMD virus starts 3 days after the infection.

False

Hedgehogs are susceptible to FMD.

True

Swine shed about 1000-3000% higher FMD virus concentration comparing to ruminants.

True

Genotype C of FMD virus is the most frequently detected worldwide.

False

FMD virus retains its infectivity for more than a month in manure.

True

In chronic cases of ASF spleen hyperplasia is a leading pathological lesion.

True

In case of infection by highly virulent ASF virus we can see skin necrosis as clinical sign.

False

Avian encephalomyelitis is caused by a double stranded DNA virus.

False

Vaccines cannot be used to prevent Togaviruses

False

Main means of control of American borse encephalomyelitis are mosquito control and vaccines.

True

Vectors of American horse encephalomyelitis Togaviruses are mosquitoes.

True

American horse encephalomyelitis viruses represent several types and subtypes.

True

Avian orthoreo –and rotaviruses can cause runting sunting syndrome in chickens.

True

Orthoreoviruses can cause pneumoenteritis in cattle.

True

Rotaviruses cause mainly respiratory signs in cattle.

False

The subacute form of African bare sickness is causing edema formation and heart failure.

True

Horse encephalosis is endemic in Africa.

True

African horse sickness is prevented in Africa by combined vaccines.

True

African horse sickness is zoonotic.

False

African horse sickness is spread by ticks.

False

Horse encephalosis appeared several times in Europe between 2006 and 2009.

False

Ibaraki disease virus immunizes against bluetongue.

False

Bluetongue is also fetopathic.

True

Bluetongue infects also horses and dogs.

False

Bluetongue is named after the pseudo-melanosis of the tongue.

False

Bluetongue is named after the cyanosis of the tongue.

True

Bluetongue disease occurs only in Africa.

False

Orbiviruses spread by droplet (aerogen) infection.

False

Chickens are susceptible to avian encephalomyelitis virus.

True

Germinative infection is a way of spreading of avian encephalomyelitis virus.

True

Tremor is a common clinical sign of avian encephalomyelitis.

True

Per os infection is a common way of infection with duck hepatitis A virus.

True

Germinative infection is a common way of infection with duck hepatitis A virus.

False

Clinical signs of duck hepatitis can be seen in all age groups.

False

Spasmodical paddling is a frequent clinical sign of duck hepatitis.

True

Tick-borne encephalomyelitis most frequently is seen clinically in ruminants.

False

Nairobi sheep disease can cause hemorrhagic enteritis among sheep.

True

Schmallenberg virus was transported to Europe from South-America.

False

Ticks are reservoirs and vectors of the Schmallenberg virus.

False

Rift-valley fever caused human epidemics in Africa.

True

Classical swine fever virus causes lympho-histiocytic encephalitis in carnivores.

False

Classical swine fever virus causes lympho-histiocytic encephalitis in pigs.

True

Only DIVA vaccines should be used to prevent classical swine fever in swine stocks.

False

Classical swine fever virus is immunosuppressive.

True

Classical swine fever virus can cause immunotolerance in swine.

True

Classical swine fever virus is inactivated in chilled meat at -20°C.

False

Classical swine fever virus doesn't induce neutralizing antibody production.

False

Acute classical swine fever can cause hemorrhagic pneumonia.

True

Occasionally tick-borne encephalomyelitis virus can be transmitted to humans via consuming raw milk.

True

Both attenuated live and inactivated vaccines are used in eradication of BVD.

True

Bulls can shed BVD virus for long time in semen, without showing any clinical sign.

True

VD infection of pregnant cows can result in delivery of immunotolerant persistently infected calves.

True

BVD virus exists in several serotypes.

False

Humans are not susceptible to West Nile disease virus.

False

The host range of West Nile virus is very wide.

True

Vectors of West Nile fever virus are different mosquito species.

True

West Nile fever occurs worldwide.

True

For humans inactivated tick-borne encephalomyelitis virus vaccines are also available.

True

Tick-borne encephalomyelitis occurs seasonally.

True

Rotaviruses infect only mammalian hosts.

False

Rift Valley fever may cause high lethality in young ruminants.

True

Certain European mosquito species are competent vectors of Rift Valley fever virus.

True

The acute signs of Schmallenberg virus infection in cattle are fever and reduced milk production.

True

Abortions and fetal malformations are the most typical signs of Akabane disease.

True

Erysipelas and Porcine circovirus 2 infections may cause clinical signs and pathology lesions similar to Classical Swine Fever.

True

CSFV can cause central nervous signs only in suckling piglets.

False

Shedding of CSFV begins 1 to 2 days after the appearance of clinical signs.

False

CSFV may survive in frozen meat for months.

True

The Classical Swine Fever may appear in a milder form in wild boar than in domestic swine.

True

Hemorrhages are the most typical lesions of acute Classical Swine Fever.

True

CSFV may cause reproductive disorders.

True

All known strains of the Classical Swine Fever virus are of highly virulence.

False

Moderately attenuated (“hot”) IBDV vaccines are used for the immunization of young chicken without yolk immunity.

False

Clinical manifestations of infectious bursal disease are seen mainly in chicken between the age of 3 and 6 weeks.

True

Avian orthoreoviruses usually cause disease in adult birds.

False

IBDV serotype 2 is used for immunization of chicken against Infectious Bursal Disease.

False

The Infectious Bursal Disease virus (IBDV) is very sensitive to detergents.

False

Avian orthoreoviruses may cause necrotic foci in the visceral organs of birds.

True

Tenosynovitis is one of the most typical manifestations of Avian orthoreovirus infections.

True

Germinative infection is the primary way of infection with Duck hepatitis A Virus.

False

Immunized horses may develop a chronic, febrile form of the African Horse Sickness.

True

Zebras are more resistant to African Horse Sickness than horses.

True

Occasionally carnivores may get infected with African Horse Sickness virus.

True

Epizootic hemorrhagic disease was described only in Australia so far.

False

Sheep are less sensitive to Bluetongue than swine.

False

Endothelial damages are the most important causes of the clinical signs of Bluetongue.

True

Bluetongue virus is typically vectored by ticks.

False

Bluetongue is present only in tropical areas.

False

There are no vaccines available against Rabbit Hemorrhagic Disease.

False

Rabbit Hemorrhagic Disease virus usually causes death in 1-3 weeks old rabbits.

False

Some variants of Feline calicivirus may escape vaccine induced protection.

True

Cat queens frequently abort in the acute phase of Feline calicivirus infection.

False

Clinical signs of Duck hepatitis are seen in 1-4 week old ducklings.

True

The main clinical signs of FMD are: fever, salivation, vesicles and lameness.

True

O and A type of FMD viruses are most widely distributed.

True

Pigs shed large amount of FMD virus with their saliva during the acute phase of the disease.

True

Clinical signs of FMD in sheep are very mild.

True

FMD virus can cause severe myocarditis in young calves and piglets.

True

In infected countries inactivated vaccine are also used for prevention of FMDS.

True

FMD virus can get into Europe most easily from Turkey, Middle East and North-Africa.

True

Resistance of FMD virus is low, in the environment, they are inactivated within days.

False

There are no vaccines for the prevention of Duck hepatitis.

False

Spasmodical paddling is a typical sign of Duck hepatitis.

True

Reoviruses are sensitive to lipid solvents and detergents.

False

The agent of Talfan disease is shed lifelong after the infections.

False

The agent of Talfan disease replicates in the gut.

True

Pigs and ruminants are susceptible to the agent of Talfan disease.

False

Talfan disease occurs in Europe, America and Australia.

True

There is a widespread vaccination in endemic areas to prevent African Swine Fever.

False

The clinical signs of African Swine Fever are more severe in wild boars than in farmed pigs.

False

African Swine Fever virus can infect pigs and wild boars.

True

African Swine Fever virus has a low resistance.

False

Vaccines provide high level of protection against all IBDV strains.

False

Fever, diarrhea and anemia are signs of the Infectious Bursal Disease.

True

IBDV does not cause disease in adult chicken (over 2 months of age).

True

Very virulent strains of the Infectious Bursal Disease virus (IBDV) may cause

True

The Bluetongue virus is vectored by midges/gnats.

True

Avian orthoreoviruses can cause necrotic and inflammatory foci in visceral organs.

True

Infection of adult birds with Orthoreoviruses usually remains subclinical.

True

Horses usually develop lethal hemorrhagic enteritis in Orthoreovirus infections.

False

Orthoreoviruses can cause pneumoenteritis in calves.

True

Rotaviruses usually cause enteritis in young (1-2 weeks old) animals.

True

Rotaviruses are shed in the feces in high titers.

True

Encephalitis is the most frequent sign of the African Horse Sickness.

False

The natural reservoirs of the African Horse Sickness virus are mainly zebras.

True

The Epizootic Hemorrhagic Disease is present in the USA in deer.

True

Lameness and abortions are signs of Bluetongue.

True

Ticks can transmit African Swine Fever virus.

True

The Rabbit Hemorrhagic Disease is present only in Australia.

False

Virulent strains of the Feline calicivirus can cause systemic disease with mortality.

True

Oral erosions are signs of Feline calicivirus infection.

True

Clinical signs of the Vesicular Exanthema of swine can be similar to the Foot and Mouth disease.

True

About half of the countries of the world are presently infected with FMD.

True

The resistance of FMD virus is rather low, in the environment it is inactivated within days.

False

In sheep clinical signs of FMD are very mild.

True

O and A serotypes of FMD are mostly widespread in the world.

True

In endemically infected countries vaccines are also used in prevention of FMD.

True

Swine and wild boars are susceptible to African Swine Fever virus.

True

FMD virus is highly contagious, spreads rapidly.

True

In young animal FMD virus frequently causes myocarditis.

True

For Europe Middle-East, Africa and Asia are the main danger to introduce FMD.

True

Duck hepatitis A virus can be detected with PCR.

True

Clinical signs of duck hepatitis can be seen mainly in laying ducks.

False

Duck hepatitis A virus can cause germinative infection.

False

Duck hepatitis A virus is shed in the feces.

True

Swine Vesicular Disease virus can infect humans

False

Swine Vesicular Disease virus does not cause viraemia, only local lesions can be seen.

False

Swine Vesicular Disease virus can cause infection per os.

True

Swine Vesicular Disease virus can infect swine and ruminants.

False

Attenuated vaccines are used for the prevention of African swine fever.

False

Warthogs can maintain African Swine Fever in endemic areas.

True

The Eastern Equine Encephalitis is present in Japan and Korea.

False

Hemorrhagic gastroenteritis is a lesion of Nairobi sheep disease.

True

Necrotic hepatitis is a lesion of Rift Valley fever.

True

The Rift Valley fever virus can cause reproductive disorders in cattle and sheep.

True

The Schmallenberg virus is a zoonotic agent.

False

Attenuated vaccines are developed for immunization of swine against CSFV.

True

Contaminated pork meat can play a role in the transmission of CSFV.

True

The clinical signs of African Swine Fever and Classical Swine Fever are very different.

False

Skin suffusions and hemorrhages are signs of Classical Swine Fever.

True

Swine can shed CSFV in the incubation period.

True

CSFV may damage the lymphatic tissues and blood vessel endothelial cells.

True

Low virulence strains of CSFV may cause reproductive problems.

True

The Classical Swine Fever virus (CSFV) is a zoonotic agent.

False

Mosquitoes are the principal vectors of the Western Equine encephalitis.

True

The Border Disease is present only in the United Kingdom.

False

ucosal Disease can develop in cattle persistently infected with BVDV.

True

In utero infection with non-cytopathic BVDV can cause immunotolerance.

True

Non-cytopathic strains of the Bovine Viral Diarrhea virus (BVDV) can cause immunosuppression.

True

The West Nile virus may cause encephalitis in humans and in horses.

True

The Louping Ill is seen in rabbits in Australia.

False

The Tick-borne encephalitis virus can be transmitted via consumption of raw milk.

True

Serological cross reactions frequently occur between related Flaviviruses.

True

Eastern, Western and Venezuelan Equine encephalitis viruses are zoonotic agents.

True

No characteristic gross pathology lesions are seen in Equine encephalitis caused by Togaviruses.

True

FMD is sporadic in Europe.

True

Young chicken can be immunized only with inactivated IBDV vaccines.

False

Pathology lesions of the Infectious Bursal Disease can be similar to the Avian influenza.

True

Infection of day-old chicken with IBDV may cause permanent immunosuppression.

True

The Infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) is very resistant in the environment.

True

Trypsin sensitive strains of avian orthoreoviruses frequently cause tenosynovitis.

True

Trypsin resistant strains of Avian orthoreoviruses frequently cause diarrhea.

True

Rotaviruses are typically transmitted via the fecal-oral route.

True

Rotaviruses infect only mammals.

False

The Equine encephalitis virus may cause abortion.

True

The signs of chronic African Horse Sickness and Equine Infectious Anemia may be similar.

True

Edemas and hemorrhages are the most frequent lesions in African horse sickness.

True

The African horse sickness is endemic in Europe and in the USA.

False

In Europe vaccination of small ruminants against bluetongue is mandatory.

False

Goats are more resistant to the bluetongue than sheep.

True

Resistance of FMD virus is high, in the environment it remains infectious for weeks.

True

Bluetongue outbreaks mainly occur in summer and autumn.

True

Genetic re-assortments may cause significant antigenic changes in reovirus strains.

True

Rabbits over 1 month of age become susceptible to the Rabbit Hemorrhagic Disease virus.

True

Lameness and fever are possible clinical signs of Feline calicivirus infection.

True

Cats shed the Feline calicivirus for several weeks.

True

The Vesicular Exanthema of swine virus infects only pigs.

False

In sheep clinical signs of FMD are very mild, it is not easy to recognize.

True

In Europe vaccines must not be used for prevention of FMD.

True

Serological examinations are important in diagnosis of FMD.

False

The main signs of FMD are: fever, salivation, formation of vesicles and lameness.

True

Water buffalos are not susceptible for FMD.

False

FMD virus frequently causes carditis is young animals.

True

Fomites do not play a role in the transmission of the Classical Swine Fever Virus.

False

Encephalomyocarditis virus can infect humans.

True

Encephalomyocarditis virus can cause per os infection.

True

Encephalomyocarditis virus remains infective in the environment.

True

Encephalomyocarditis virus can infect only pigs.

False

There is widespread vaccination using inactivated vaccines to prevent teschovirus encephalomyelitis.

False

Teschovirus encephalomyelitis virus is transmitted by arthropods.

False

Only pigs are susceptible to teschovirus encephalomyelitis.

True

Teschen disease occurs all over the world.

False

Only activated vaccines are used for the prevention of African Swine Fever.

False

Immunocomplexes are formed in the case of African Swine Fever.

True

African Swine Fever is a resistant virus.

True

African Swine Fever does not occur in Europe.

False

The most frequent sign of the Nairobi sheep disease is encephalitis.

False

Rift Valley fever virus is a zoonotic agent.

True

Transplacental infection with CSFV may cause immunotolerance in new-born piglets.

True

In cattle Schmallenberg virus causes transient febrile disease with reduced milk production.

True

Rodents are the reservoir hosts of Schmallenberg virus.

True

Porcine circovirus 2 may cause lesions similar to Classical Swine Fever.

True

The diagnosis of Classical Swine Fever is based on paired serum investigations.

False

The large intestine are the earliest lesions in Classical Swine Fever.

False

Classical Swine Fever is always an acute disease with high mortality in wild boars.

False

Europe is free from CSFV

False

Swine shed CSFV only in the terminal phase of the disease.

False

In Europe only low virulence strains of Infectious Bursal Disease Virus (IBDV) can be found.

False

Intrauterine BVD virus infection always causes abortion.

False

The BVD virus cannot be transmitted via artificial insemination.

False

The BVD virus genotype 2 is less virulent than genotype 1.

False

Swine is not susceptible to the Bovine Viral Diarrhea (BVD) virus.

False

Laboratory diagnosis should confirm the aetiology of West Nile encephalitis.

True

The weather influences the emergence of West Nile Virus outbreaks, through its effect on mosquito propagation dynamics.

True

Horses are the reservoir hosts of West Nile Virus.

False

West Nile virus (WNV) is only present in Africa.

False

The principle vector of the Louping ill virus is Rhipicephalus appendiculatus.

False

Tick-borne encephalitis in mainly seen in humans.

True

Tick-borne encephalitis virus can be transmitted with raw goat milk.

True

Flaviviruses form distinct serotypes, without serological cross-reactions.

False

Infectious Bursal Disease is a very contagious disease.

True

In endemic countries vaccines are available against Equine viral encephalomyelitis.

True

Viral Equine encephalomyelitis is usually diagnosed on the basis of clinical signs.

False

Ticks are involved in the transmission cycle of EEE.

False

Wild birds are involved in the transmission cycle of Eastern Equine encephalomyelitis (EEE).

True

Early IBDV infection damages the humoral immunity.

True

Pigeons are the most susceptible to IBDV.

False

Epidemiology midterm 2 Flashcards

(349 cards)